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The Gregorian calendar was devised because the mean year in the Julian Calendar was a little too long, causing the Vernal equinox to slowly drift earlier in the calendar year.
The motivation of the Catholic Church in adjusting the calendar was to have Easter celebrated at the time that had been agreed at the First Council of Nicaea in 325, ie. on the Sunday after the 14th day of the Moon that falls on or after the vernal equinox—which fell approximately on March 21 at that time. By the time of this council, the drift of the equinox since the introduction of the Julian calendar had already been noticed. Instead of modifying the calendar, the equinox was standardized at March 21 instead of the original March 24 or March 25. However by the 16th century, the equinox had drifted noticeably further.
Worse, the reckoned Moon that was used to compute Easter was fixed to the Julian year by a 19-year cycleThe Metonic cycle or Enneadecaeteris in astronomy and calendar studies is a particular approximate common multiple of the tropical year and the synodic month. 19 tropical years differ from 235 synodic months by about 2 hours. 19 tropical years 6939. 602 d. However, that is an approximation that built up an error of 1 day every 310 years. So by the 16th century the lunar calendar was well out of phase with the real Moon too.
The fix for the equinox was to define that years divisible by 100 will be leap yearA leap year (or intercalary year is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. Seasons and astronomical events do not repeat at an exact number of days, so a calendar which hads only if they are divisible by 400 as well. So, in the last millennium, 1600Events January January 1 Scotland adopts January 1st as being New Year's Day February February 17 Giordano Bruno burned in a stake for heresy July July 2 Battle of Nieuwpoort: Dutch forces under Maurice of Nassau defeat Spanish forces under Archduke Alber and 2000This page is about the year 2000. See 2000 AD for the UK comic book, Number 2000 for other uses. 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar), and also the International Year for a Culture of Peace''. Events Y2K passes without the seri were leap years, but 1700Events January 1 Russia accepts Julian calendar. January 1 in around this year, Germany and Denmark- Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar, including the convention that New Year's Day is January 1st. January 26 Massive earthquake hits British Columbia., 1800Events March 14 Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti is elected pope Pius VII. March 21 Pius VII becomes Pope April 24 US Library of Congress founded. May 15 Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy. June 14 Battle of Marengo, Napoleon defeats the Au and 19001900 is the common year starting on Monday. see link for calendar) For the film, see 1900 (film). Events January January 1 Nigeria becomes British protectorate January 2 John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China. January 2 Chicag were not. In this millennium, 2100, 2200, 2300 and 2500 will not be leap years, but 2400 will be.
When the new calendar was put in use, to correct the error already accumulated in the thirteen centuries since the council of Nicaea, a deletion of ten days was made. The last day of the Julian calendar was October 4, 1582 and this was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar October 15, 1582. This created some consternation, and the church was accused of stealing ten days of people's lives. The dates "5 October 1582" to "14 October 1582" (inclusive) exist only in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar, which is confined to special scientific contexts and has no relevance for dating ordinary historical events.
From 1 January 1622, the first day of the year was standardised as January 1. This was already the system used in Italy, Germany, and other places, but not universally ( England, for example, began the year on March 25).
In countries of the British Empire, "Old Style" and "New Style" are sometimes added to dates to identify which system is used.
It is also sometimes necessary to indicate that the year itself had two different designations because of the change to the beginning of the year, for example, "February 10/February 21, 1751/1752". This confusion pre-dated the change to the calendar because the Church and the State had always used different systems for different purposes.
The 19-year cycle used for the lunar calendar was also to be corrected by 1 day every 300 or 400 years (8 times in 2500 years) along with corrections for the years (1700, 1800, 1900, 2100 etc.) that are no longer leap years. In fact, a new method for computing the date of Easter was introduced.
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