 |
Business | Industries | Finance | Tax |
| Index: > A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
|
|||||
| First Prev [ 1 2 3 ] Next Last |
Italian unification, also known as the Risorgimento, was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by Savoy dynasty - capital Turin) conquered the Italian peninsula with the inclusion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Duchy of Tuscany, the Marches, the Abruzzi, and the Papal States.
The first part of this process ended in 1860 with the declaration of the Kingdom of Italy; the unification was completed by the conquest of Rome, capital of the Papal States, on September 20, 1870. The possession of Rome had a highly symbolic meaning, since it was the natural capital for the new national state. The conquest of the Papal States led to the ending of the temporal power of the papacy. Pope Pius IX thereafter called himself a prisoner in the Vatican, although he was not prevented from travelling as he wished.
The Sardinian kingdom ended by fusion in the kingdom of Italy. Before the Napoleon era, the thought of a united Italy scarcely existed, and patriotism meant adherence to SardiniaSardinia Sardigna Sardinna or Sardinnia in the Sardinian language, Sardegna in Italian, Sardenya in Catalan), is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy, France and Tunisia, south of Corsica. Sardinia has an area of 24,090 km2 an, NaplesAlternate uses: See Naples (disambiguation Naples ( Italian Napoli Neapolitan Napule from Greek Neapolis/) is the largest town in southern Italy, capital of the region of Campania. The city has a population of about 1 million, and together with its suburb, or some other of the many kingdoms and duchies.
After that era, "union" became the watchword of the revolutionists, who felt that the only hope of giving Italy a position of dignity and honor among the nations lay in making it one country under one ruler.
The history of the nineteenth century in Italy is the record of the successful struggle for unification. Two prominent figures in this struggle were Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini ( June 22, 1805 March 10, 1872) was an Italian writer and politician whose efforts helped bring about the modern Italian state, rather than the medley of separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed in the nineteenth ce and Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi ( July 4, 1807 June 2, 1882) was a brilliant guerrilla fighter and Italy's most famous soldier of the Risorgimento. He was called the "Hero of Two Worlds" in tribute to his military adventures in both South America and Europe. He was bo. Other important figures included Count Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of a united Italy.
The basis of the revolutionary movements in Italy was the secret political association known as the Carboneria, formed early in the nineteenth century and including members of all classes in its ranks. In 1814 this organisation projected a revolution in Naples, and in 1820 it was strong enough to invade Naples with an army and force from the king an oath to observe the new constitution which it had prepared. The revolution was put down in the following year by the Austrians, acting as the agents of the " Holy Alliance" – the compact of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
An ordinance was passed, condemning anyone who attended a meeting of the Carbonari to capital punishment. But the society continued to exist and has been at the basis of many of the outbreaks that have taken place in Italy since 1820. Mazzini, Garibaldi, and all the leading patriots were members of this powerful organization, which was daring enough to condemn Napoleon III to death, and almost to succeed in his assassination, for his failure to live up to his obligations as a member of the society.
Mazzini, a native of Genoa, became a member of the Carbonari in 1830. His activity in revolutionary movements caused him soon after to be proscribed, and in 1831 he sought Marseilles, where he organized a new political society called " Young Italy", whose watchword was "God and the People", and whose basic principle was the union of the several states and kingdoms into one nation. It is largely due to the work of this man that Italy today is a single kingdom instead of a medley of separate states.
While Mazzini was thus working with his pen, his compatriot, Garibaldi, was working with his sword. This soldier, a native of Nice and reared to a life on the sea, was banished as a revolutionist in 1834, and the following fourteen years of his life were largely spent in South America, in whose wars he played a leading part.
| Politics | Business | Finance |
 |
 |
 |
|