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"Jihad" (جهاد) is an Arabic word which comes from the Arabic root word "jahada"; which means "exerting utmost effort" or "to strive." The word connotes a wide range of meanings, from an inward spiritual struggle to attain perfect faith to an outward material struggle. During the period of Qur'anic revelation while Muhammad was in Mecca, jihad meant essentially a nonviolent struggle.
Muslims often refer to two meanings of jihad by citing a hadith recorded by Imam Baihaqi and al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (even though its isnad is categorized as "weak"):
Other examples of actions that could be considered jihad (on the basis of hadiths with better isnad) include:
The more literal meaning of the word Jihad is simply "a struggle," and so it is sometimes dubbed the "inner Jihad." This "inner Jihad" essentially refers to all the struggles that a Muslim could go through, in adhering to the religion. For example, a scholarly study of Islam is an intellectual struggle that some may refer to as "jihad," though it is not common for a scholar of Islam to refer to his studies as "engaging in Jihad."
Militant Islamists identify two types of armed religious warfare, namely the defensive jihad and the offensive jihad. Most Muslims consider armed struggle against foreign occupation or oppression by domestic government to be worthy of defensive jihad. In colonial times, Muslim populations often rose up against the colonial authorities under the banner of jihad (examples include Dagestan, Chechnya, the Indian Mutiny against England, and the Algerian War of Independence against France). In this sense, defensive jihad is no different from the right of armed resistance against occupation that is sanctioned under the UN and International Law.
Islamic tradition holds that when Muslims are attacked, then it becomes obligatory for all Muslims to defend against the attack; to participate in jihad. When the Soviet Union invaded AfghanistanThe Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a 10-year war which wreaked incredible havoc and destruction on Afghanistan. The 'shooting' war is generally held to have started December 24, 1979. Soviet troops ultimately withdrew from the area between May 15, 198 in 1979, the prominent militant Islamist, Dr. Abdullah Yusuf AzzamAbdullah Yusuf Azzam also known as Shaikh Azzam or the “Godfather of Jihad”, was a central figure in the global development of the militant Islamist movement. Shaikh Azzam built both a scholarly ideological and practical paramilitary infrastructure for th, issued a fatwaA fatwa ( Arabic: ) plural 'fataawa', is a legal pronouncement in Islam, issued by a religious law specialist on a specific issue. Usually a fatwa is issued at the request of an individual or a judge to settle a question where fiqh Islamic jurisprudence,, Defense of the Muslim Lands, the First Obligation after Faith [1], declaring that both the Afghan and Palestinian struggles were jihads in which killing kuffar (unbelievers) was fard ayn (a personal obligation) for all Muslims. The edict was supported by Saudi Arabia's Grand MuftiThe title Grand Mufti refers to the highest official of religious law in a Sunni Muslim country. The Grand Mufti issues legal opinions and edicts, fatwa, on interpretations of Islamic law for private clients or to assist judges in deciding cases. The coll (highest religious scholar), Abd al-Aziz Bin Bazz . In his fatwa, Dr. Azzam explained:
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