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Gutenberg was born in Mainz as the son of a merchant named Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden, who adopted the surname "zum Gutenberg" after the name of the neighborhood into which the family had moved.
Block printing, whereby individual sheets of paper were pressed into wooden blocks with the text and illustrations carved in, was in use in Europe and East Asia long before Gutenberg. The Koreans and Chinese knew about movable metal types at the time as well, but due to the complex nature of the Chinese writing system, printed material probably was not as abundant as that of Renaissance Europe.
It is unclear whether Gutenberg knew of these techniques or invented them independently. It is often suggested that Marco PoloMarco Polo ( September 15 1254 January 8 1324) was a Venetian merchant and explorer who, together with his father and uncle, was among the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China (which he called Cathay . His travels are chronicled in the widely must have come across movable type printing on his journeys and thus indirectly inform Gutenberg. Some also claim Laurens CosterHaarlem, where he was born. Laurens Janszoon Coster (b. 1370, Haarlem, The Netherlands d. unknown) was one of the early European printers. Some claim he was the first European to invent movable type, although the little evidence there is about this matter as the first European to invent movable type.
Image:Gutenberg.press.jpg|frame|left|Reproduction of Gutenberg-era Press on display at the Printing History Museum in Lyon, France.]]Gutenberg certainly introduced efficient methods into book production, leading to a boom in the production of texts in Europe, in large part due to the popularity of the Gutenberg BibleThe Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible is a print of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by its namesake, Johann Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany around 1454- 1455 using moveable type. This Bible is the most famous incunas, the first mass-produced work, starting on February 23February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 311 days remaining, 312 in leap years. Events 1455 Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western book printed from movable type. 1574 The 5th hol, 1455Events February 9 Wars of the Roses: Richard, Duke of York dismissed as Protector February 23 Johannes Gutenberg prints the first Bible on a printing press May 22 Wars of the Roses: First Battle of St Albans Richard, Duke of York and his ally, Richard Nev. Gutenberg was a poor businessman, and made little money from his printing system. He became engaged in several lawsuitA lawsuit is a civil action brought before a court in order to recover a right, obtain damages for an injury, obtain an injunction to prevent an injury, or obtain a declaratory judgment to prevent future legal disputes. It usually involves dispute resoluts, resulting in his forfeiting his printing equipment to Johann Fust, his partner. He died in Mainz in 1468.
Although Gutenberg was unsuccessful in his lifetime, his invention spread quickly, and news and books began to travel across Europe far faster than before. It fed the growing Renaissance, and since it greatly facilitated scientific publishing, was a major factor in originating the scientific revolutionThis article is about the period in history, not the process of scientific progress via revolution, proposed by Thomas Kuhn and discussed at paradigm shift The scientific revolution is the name given by historians of science to the period that roughly beg. Literacy also increased as a result. Gutenberg's inventions are sometimes considered the turning point from the Mediaeval EraThe Middle Ages formed the middle period in a schematic division of European history into three 'ages': Classical civilization, the Middle Ages, and Modern Civilization. It is commonly dated from the end of the Western Roman Empire ( 5th century) until th to the Early Modern Period.
The Gutenberg Bibles surviving today are sometimes called the oldest surviving books printed with movable type, although the oldest surviving book is the New Code of Etiquette by Yi Gyu-bo, published in Korea between 1234 and 1241. As of 2003, the Gutenberg Bible census includes 11 complete copies on vellum, 1 copy of the New Testament only on vellum, 48 substantially complete integral copies on paper, with another divided copy on paper.
The term incunabulum refers to a western printed book produced between the first work of Gutenberg and the end of the year 1500.
There are many statues of Gutenberg in Germany, one of the more famous being a work by Thorvaldsen, in Mainz, which is also home to the Gutenberg Museum.
The Gutenberg Galaxy and Project Gutenberg commemorate Gutenberg's name.
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