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Joseph Chamberlain was born in London to a successful shoemaker. At the age of 16 he was apprenticed to the shoemaking business, and at 18 was sent to Birmingham to join his uncle's screwmaking business, Nettlefolds (later part of Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds), in which his father had invested. There were strong radical and liberal traditions among shoemakers, in his adopted home city of Birmingham, while the Unitarian church of which he was a member had a tradition of social action. It was not surprising that he became involved in Liberal politics. In 1867 he founded the Birmingham Education League (later the National Education League) and campaigned for free public education independent of the Church of EnglandThe Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and is the mother branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. Christianity was planted in Britain in the first or second c. He also turned the Birmingham Liberal Federation into an election-winning caucus.
In 1873Events The United Kingdom declares war against Ghana's King Kofi KariKari, who was involved in the trading of slaves. The war ended by July and the British established the Gold Coast Colony. January 17 Indian Wars: First Battle of the Stronghold during th he became mayorA mayor ( Latin major "better") is the chief executive official of a city, town, or village. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs as to the powers and responsibilities of a mayor, as well as the means of becoming mayor. The French of Birmingham, in which capacity he promoted many civic improvements, leaving the town (as it then was) "parked, paved, assized, marketed, gas & watered and improved". He was instrumental in building of the Council House and the Victoria Law Courts in the newly- created Corporation Street; and in bringing fresh water from the Elan ValleyThe Elan Valley is situated to the west of Rhayader, in Powys, Wales. The area is sometimes known as the "Welsh Lake District". The valley contains the Elan Valley Reservoirs. It is also famous for its scenery and being a training area for the SAS. See al in WalesFor alternate meanings, see Wales (disambiguation Wales ( Welsh: Cymru pronounced /"k@mrI/ SAMPA, km IPA, 'Kumree' approximate pronunciation) is one of the four nations comprising the United Kingdom (the other three being England, Scotland and Northern Ir.
He resigned the mayorship when elected as one of Birmingham's MPsA Member of Parliament or MP is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district to a parliament; in the Westminster system, specifically to the lower house. Australia In Australia, the term Member of Parliament refers specifically to a mem in 1876Events January events January 31 The United States orders all Native Americans to move into reservations. February events February 2 The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs of Major League Baseball is formed. February 14 Alexander Graham Bell a, and swiftly rose through the parliamentary ranks, becoming President of the Board of Trade in the government of William Ewart GladstoneWilliam Ewart Gladstone ( December 29 1809 May 19 1898) was a British liberal politician and Prime Minister (1868-1874, 1880-1885, 1886 and 1892-1894). He was a notable political reformer, known for his populist speeches, and was for many years the main p in 1880.
In the run-up to the 1885 general election a series of articles was published in the Fortnightly Review , written by some of Chamberlain's associates under his close direction. Chamberlain wrote the preface for the collected volume, called the Radical Programme. It called for land reform, more direct taxation, free public education, the disestablishment of the Church, universal male suffrage, and more protection for trade unions. This became the basis of the "unauthorised programme" which Chamberlain put forward during the election campaign.
The Liberals won the election, but fell just short of an overall majority against the Conservatives and the Irish Nationalists led by Charles Stewart Parnell. Gladstone offered the Irish a Home Rule deal, which Chamberlain opposed as a matter of principle; he believed that Ireland had no more right to independence than London did. He resigned from the Liberal government and helped to found the Liberal Unionist party along with Lord Hartington (later the 8th Duke of Devonshire) and other members of the Whig faction. Unlike the Whigs he did not immediately enter the Unionist government, even though he already had kindred spirits in the Conservative Party such as Lord Randolph Churchill. He probably hoped that Gladstone would soon retire, allowing him to return to the Liberal party as leader, but Gladstone remained as leader much longer than he expected, foiling this ambition and pushing him towards the Conservatives.
In 1895 he became Colonial Secretary in the Conservative and Unionist government of Lord Salisbury. He showed himself to be a keen imperialist, and as a key proponent of the Boer War he became a leading figure in the "khaki election" of 1900. In 1903 he resigned to lead a campaign for Tariff Reform, supporting a protectionist system of "Imperial Preference" in which tariffs would be levied against imports from outside the British Empire. The divided Unionists were trounced in the 1906 general election, and Chamberlain was the favourite to take over as their leader. However, in July 1906 he suffered a seriously debilitating stroke and never took an active part in politics again. He died on July 3 1914 and is buried at Key Hill Cemetery in Birmingham.
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