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Sir Josiah Child ( 1630 - June 22, 1699), English merchant, economist and governor of the East India Company, was born in London, the second son of Richard Child, a London merchant of old family.After serving his apprenticeship in the business, to which he succeeded, he started on his own account at Portsmouth, as victualler to the navy under the Commonwealth, when about twenty-five. He amassed a comfortable fortune, and became a considerable stock-holder in the East India Company, his interest in India being accentuated by the fact that his brother John was making his career there.
He was returned to Parliament in 1659 for Petersfield; and in later years sat for Dartmouth ( 1673Events The English Test Act was passed. It disallowed Catholics from holding high public office. France begins its expedition against Ceylon. March 18 John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton sells his part of New Jersey to the Quakers. May 17 Trader- 1678Events August 10 Peace of Nijmegen ends war between France and Netherlands September 6 Titus Oates begins to present allegations of the " Popish Plot", a Catholic conspiracy to assassinate king Charles II of England October 17 British politician Sir Edmun) and for LudlowFor alternative uses of "Ludlow" see Ludlow (disambiguation). Ludlow is a town in Shropshire, situated almost on the border between England and Wales. It is also very close to the border between Shropshire and Herefordshire, and in the Domesday Book was i ( 1685Events February 6 James Stuart, Duke of York becomes King James II of England and Ireland and King James VII of Scotland. February 18 Fort St. Louis is established by a Frenchman at Matagorda Bay thus forming the basis for France's claim to Texas. June 20- 1687Events March 19 The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. July 5 Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica is published. December 31 The first Huguenots set sail). He was made a baronet in 1678Events August 10 Peace of Nijmegen ends war between France and Netherlands September 6 Titus Oates begins to present allegations of the " Popish Plot", a Catholic conspiracy to assassinate king Charles II of England October 17 British politician Sir Edmun. His advocacy, both by speech and by pen, under the pseudonym of Philopatris, of the East India Company's claims to political power, as well as to the right of restricting competition with its trade, brought him to the notice of the shareholders, and he became a director in 1677Events First performance of Racine's tragedy, Phedre Sarah Churchill marries John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough Battle of Cassel, Philippe I of Orleans defeats William of Orange Mary II of England marries William of Orange English Statute of frauds i, and, subsequently, deputy-governor and governor.
In this latter capacity he was for a considerable time virtually the sole ruler of the company, and directed its policy as if it were his own private business. He and his brother have been credited with the change from unarmed to armed traffic; hilt the actual renunciation of the Roe doctrine of unarmed traffic by the company was resolved upon in January 1686Events The League of Augsburg is founded. Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria join the Holy League against the Ottoman Turkish Empire. September 2 The forces of the Holy League of 1684 liberate Buda from the Ottoman Turkish rule that leads to the end, under Governor Sir Joseph Ash, when Child was temporarily out of office.
Child made several important contributions to the literature of economics; especially Brief Observations concerning Trade and the Interest of Money ( 1668), and A New Discourse of Trade ( 1668 and 1690). He was a moderate in those days of the mercantile system, and has sometimes been regarded as a sort of pioneer in the development of the free-trade doctrines of the 18th century. He made various proposals for improving British trade by following Dutch example, and advocated a low rate of interest as the causa causans of all the other causes of the riches of the Dutch people. This low rate of interest he thought should be created and maintained by public authority.
Child, whilst adhering to the doctrine of the balance of trade, observed that a people cannot always sell to foreigners without ever buying from them, and denied that the export of the precious metals was necessarily detrimental. He had the mercantilist partiality for a numerous population, and became prominent with a new scheme for the relief and employment of the poor; it is noteworthy also that he advocated the reservation by the mother country of the sole right of trade with her colonies. Sir Josiah Child's eldest son, Richard, was created Viscount Castlemain in 1718 and earl of Tylney in 1731.
See also Macaulay, History of England, vol. iv.; R Grant, Sketch of the History of the East India Company ( 1813); D Macpherson, Annals of Commerce ( 1805); B Willson, Ledger and Sword ( 1903).
