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He was born in Fronteras, Sonora near Arizpe, Sonora into a military family on the northern frontier of New Spain. In 1752 he enlisted in the army at the presidio of Fronteras. He advanced rapidly and was a captain by 1760. He married in 1761, but had no children. His military duties mainly consisted of forays against hostile Native Americans such as the Apache during the course of which he explored much of what is now Arizona.
In 1772 he proposed to the Viceroy of New Spain an expedition to Alta California. This was approved by the King of Spain and in January, 1774 with 3 padres, 20 soldiers, 11 servants, 35 mules, 65 cattle, and 140 horses he set forth from TubacTubac is a census-designated place located in Santa Cruz County, Arizona. As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 949. The name is a version of the original Piman name Tchoowaka meaning rotten''. A more exact meaning may be Place Where So near present day Tucson, ArizonaTucson (pronounced tusn) is a city located in Pima County, Arizona. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 486,699. A July 1, 2002 Census estimate puts the city's population at 503,151. It is the largest city in southern Arizona, and th. The expedition crossed the Colorado RiverThe Colorado River is a river in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, approximately 1,450 mi (2,333 km) long, draining a part of the arid regions on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains. The natural course of the river flows into th at its confluence with the Gila River in the domain of the YumaThe Quechan are a Native American tribe who live on the Fort Yuma Reservation on the lower Colorado River in Arizona just north of the border with Mexico. The Quechan are one of the Yuman tribes. Yuman is derived from the old name for the tribe, Yuma. tribe with which he established good relations. He reached Mission San Gabriel ArcangelMission San Gabriel Arcangel was founded on September 8, 1771 by Father Junipero Serra. It was named for the Archangel Gabriel. The mission was designed by Father Antonio Cruzado. The economy at Mission San Gabriel Arcangel was similar to the other missio near the California coast on March 22, 1774 and returned to Tubac by late May, 1774. This expedition was closely watched by Viceroy and King and on October 2, 1774 he was promoted to the rank of lieutnant-colonel and ordered to lead a group of colonists to Alta California. The Spanish were desirous of reinforcing their presence in upper California, partly as a buffer against RussianAfter the discovery of northern Alaska by Ivan Fedorov in 1732, and the Aleutian Islands, southern Alaska, and north-western shores of North America in 1741 during the Russian exploration conducted by Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov, it took fifty years advances from the north and partly in order to possibly establish a harbor that would give shelter to Spanish ships. The expedition got under way in October, 1775Events February 9 American Revolutionary War: British Parliament declares Massachusetts in rebellion March 23 American Revolutionary War: Patrick Henry delivers his speech " give me liberty or give me death" in Williamsburg, Virginia. April 14 American Re and arrived at Mission San Gabriel January, 1776This article is about the year 1776. For the musical, see 1776 (musical Events January 10 Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense March 17 American Revolutionary War: British forces evacuate Boston, Massachusetts after George Washington places artillery overl the colonists having suffered greatly from the winter weather enroute.
He continued on to Monterey, California with the colonists; then fulfilling his mission from the Viceroy he continued on with a small party exploring north and located a site for a presidio at present day San Francisco, California on March 28, 1776. He did not establish a settlement; that was established later by others. (There is a myth that Anza was the founder of San Francisco.)
On his return from this successful expedition he journeyed to Mexico City with the chief of the Yuma tribe who requested the establishment of a mission. Shortly thereafter, on August 24, 1777, Anza was appointed Governor of the Province of New Mexico.
He led a punitive expedition against the Comanche who had been repeatedly raiding Taos in 1779. With his Ute allies and about 800 soldiers he went north through the San Luis Valley, entering the plains at what is now Manitou Springs, Colorado. He surprised a small force of Comanche near present day Colorado Springs. Chasing them south down Fountain Creek, he crossed the Arkansas River near present day Pueblo, Colorado. He found the main body of Comanche, returning from a raid on New Mexico, on Greenhorn Creek and inflicted a decisive defeat, killing Cuerno Verde, the chief (for whom Greenhorn Creek is named) and many other leaders of the Comanche. Severely weakened, the Commanche ceased their raids and moved to the southeast into what is now Oklahoma and Texas
In late 1779 he and his party found a route from Santa Fe to Sonora. Anza's various local military expeditions against hostile tribes were successful, but the Yuma tribe which he had establish peace with rebelled and he fell out of favor with the military commander of the northern frontier, the frontier-general. He stayed on as governor of New Mexico until 1787 when he returned to Sonora . He was appointed commander of the presidio at Tubac in 1788 but probably died before he could take office. He died and was buried in Arizpe, Sonora and was survived by his wife.
He was buried in the Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arispe. In 1963 he was disinterred and reburied in a marble mauseleum with the participation of delegations from the University of California and San Francisco. The Juan De Anza House in San Juan Bautista, California is a National Historic Landmark.
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