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As a child he witnessed the murder of his family by his uncle Constantius II, the later emperor ( 337). This, as he stated, was the beginning of his scepticism toward Christianity. He and his half-brother Gallus were kept in the imperial domain of Macellum.
After his brother was made Caesar of the east ( 351) and executed by Constantius II, Julian was called to the emperor in Milan ( 355), made Caesar of the west and married to Constantius' sister Helena. In the years afterward he fought the Germanic tribes that tried to intrude upon the Roman Empire60 and 400 with major cities. During this time only Dacia and Mesopotamia were added to the Empire but were lost before 300. The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman state in the centuries following its reorganization under t. He won back CologneThe article about perfume can be found at Eau de Cologne. Cologne ( German: Koln [ˈkœln]) (population 965,954 as of December 31, 2003), is the fourth largest city in Germany and largest city of the North Rhine-Westphalia state. It is one of ( 356Events February 8 Roman authorities make an attempt to arrest Athanasius on the accusation of supporting the usurper Magnentius. Athenasius eludes them, fleeing to the desert to hide amongst the monks of Mount Nitria. Julian is defeated by the Alemanni at), defeated the AlamanniThe Alamanni or Allemanni or Alemanni are a Germanic tribe, first mentioned by Dio Cassius, under the year 213. They apparently dwelt in the basin of the Main River, to the south of the Chatti. According to Asinius Quadratus their name "all men" indicates at StrasbourgStrasbourg ( German Strassburg "castle of roads", Alsatian Strossburi is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region of northeastern France. It is the prefecture (capital) of the Bas-Rhin departement''. Population: 250,000. Population of the metro and secured the RhineAt 1,320 km (820 miles), the Rhine River ( German Rhein French Rhin Dutch Rijn is one of the longest rivers in Europe. Its name is derived from the Celtic word renos (meaning "raging flow"). Together with the Danube it formed most of the northern frontier frontier for some 50 years. In 360Events The Council of Laodicea is held. Eunomius of Cyzicus becomes Bishop of Cyzicus. Macedonius I is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople and replaced with Eudoxius of Antioch. Meletius becomes Patriarch of Antioch. Jerome is baptized in Rome (possibl Constantius ordered Julian to send Gallic troops to his eastern army. This provoked an insurrection that made Julian emperor. Civil war was avoided only by the death of Constantius II.
Julian is called "The Apostate" because he reverted from Christianity to PaganismPaganism (or Heathenism ) is a catch-all term which has come to bundle together (by extension from its original classical meaning of a non- Christian religion) a very broad set of not necessarily compatible religious beliefs and practices that are usually, suppressed the persecution of pagans and destruction of temples that had followed Constantine I's official encouragement of Christianity. (During his earlier years, while studying at Athens, he became acquainted with two men who later became both bishops and saints: Gregory Nazianzus and Basil the Great.) Constantine had not yet made Christianity the official state religion, which would not happen until Theodosius I in the 380s, but he and his immediate successors had prohibited the upkeep of pagan temples, and many temples were destroyed and pagan worshippers killed during the reign of Constantine and his successors. The extent to which the emperors approved or commanded these destructions and killings is disputed, but it is certain they did not prevent them, and Julian carried out a similar policy relating to the killing of Christian priests during his reign.
Julian's religious status is a matter of considerable dispute; he did not practice normative civic paganism of the earlier empire, but a kind of magical approach to classical philosophy sometimes identified as theurgy. Whatever his personal practices, they were not Christian. According to Socrates Scholasticus, Julian believed himself to be Alexander the Great in another body via transmigration of souls, as taught by Plato and Pythagoras (Book III, Chapter XXI of his writings). The Orthodox Church retells the story concerning two of his bodyguards, who were Christians, that when Julian came to Antioch he gave orders to sprinkle all the food in the marketplace and the water wells with blood from idol-worship. This would have left the Christians in that town with nothing to eat or drink without violating their beliefs. The two bodyguards opposed the edict, and were executed at Julian's command. The Orthodox Church remembers them as Saints Juventinus and Maximos.
In his tolerance edict of 362, Julian decreed the reopening of pagan temples, the restitution of alienated temple properties, and called back the bishops that were exiled by church edicts. In his school edict Julian prohibits christian teachers from using pagan scripts e.g. the Illias. After his arrival in Antiochia in preparation for the Persian war, the temple of Apollo burned down. Since Julian believed Christians to be responsible, the main church was closed.
Sources state that he died in battle while fighting the Persians; he was so confident of victory that he was not wearing armour, and received a fatal wound from a dart. Libanius states that Julian had been killed by one of his own soldiers, a Christian who resented his beliefs; this claim is not corroborated by Ammianus Marcellinus or other contemporary historians.
Considered apocryphal is the report that his dying words were "Vicisti, Galilæe" ("Thou has conquered, Galilean"), supposedly expressing his recognition that, with his death, Christianity would become the Empire's state religion. The phrase introduces the 1866 poem " Hymn to Proserpine", which was Algernon Swinburne's elaboration of what Julian might have felt at the triumph of Christianity. Julian's life was also the inspiration for the historical novel Julian, by Gore Vidal (1964).
| Preceded by Constantius II | Roman Emperor | Succeeded by Jovian |
Julian is also a make of automobile.
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