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His reign was unhappy both at home and abroad. After a successful invasion he made a truce with the Arabs, granting them joint possession of Armenia, Iberia and Cyprus. By removing 12,000 Christian Maronites from their native Lebanon, he gave the Arabs command over Asia Minor, leading to their conquest of Armenia in 692.
In 688 Justinian decisively defeated the BulgarsBulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians a people of Central Asia, probably originally Pamirian, whose branches became Slavicized and perhaps Turkic over time. The Turkic etymology most often given for their name is Bulgha meaning sable and is of totemis. Meanwhile the bitter dissensions caused in the Church by the emperor's bloody persecution of the ManichaeansManichaeism was one of the major ancient religions. Though its organized form is mostly extinct today, a revival has been attempted under the name of Neo-Manichaeism . However, most of the writings of the founding prophet Mani have been lost. Some scholar, and the rapacity with which (through his creatures Stephanus and Theodatus) he extorted the means of gratifying his sumptuous tastes and his mania for erecting costly buildings, drove his subjects into rebellion.
In 695 they rose under LeontiusLeontius II was Byzantine emperor from 695- 698. He was originally a general in the army of Justinian II, but was imprisoned by Justinian after a defeat by the Arabs at Sebastopolis. He was freed in 695, but immediately organized a revolt against the empe and, after cutting off the emperor's nose (whence his surname), banished him to Cherson in the CrimeaThe Crimea (officially Autonomous Republic of Crimea Ukrainian transliteration: Avtonomna Respublika Krym Ukrainian: Russian: is a peninsula and an autonomous republic of Ukraine on the northern coast of the Black Sea. It was called Tauric or Scythian Che. LeontiusLeontius II was Byzantine emperor from 695- 698. He was originally a general in the army of Justinian II, but was imprisoned by Justinian after a defeat by the Arabs at Sebastopolis. He was freed in 695, but immediately organized a revolt against the empe, after a reign of three years, was in turn dethroned and imprisoned by Tiberius AbsimarusTiberius III was Byzantine emperor from 698- 705. He was actually a German army officer named Apsimar, and had first overthrown the general John the Patrician when John was defeated at Carthage in 697. Apsimar then led a siege against Constantinople, wher, who next assumed the purple.
Justinian meanwhile had escaped from Cherson and married Theodora, sister of Busirus, khan of the KhazarsThe Khazars were a Turkic semi- nomadic people from Central Asia who adopted Judaism. They founded the independent Khazar kingdom in the 7th century C. in the southeastern part of today's Europe, near the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus. In addition to weste. Compelled by the intrigues of Tiberius to quit his new home, he fled to Terbelis, king of the Bulgars. With an army of 15,000 horsemen Justinian pounced upon Constantinople, slew his rivals Leontius and Tiberius along with thousands of their partisans, and once more ascended the throne in 704.
His second reign was marked by an unsuccessful war against the Bulgars under Terbelis, Arab victories in Asia Minor, devastating expeditions sent against his own cities of Ravenna and Cherson where he inflicted horrible punishment upon the disaffected nobles and refugees, and the same cruel rapacity toward his subjects. Justinian met Pope Constantine I and the two negotiated a settlement.
Justinian's tyrannical rule provoked another rising against him. Cherson revolted; under the leadership of Bardanes, the city held out against a counter-attack and soon the forces sent to suppress the rebellion joined it. The rebels then seized the capital and proclaimed Bardanes as emperor; Justinian was forced to flee and was assassinated in Asia Minor in December 711. He was the last of the house of Heraclius.
A fictional account of Justinian's life is given in the 1998 novel Justinian by H.N. Turteltaub.
| Preceded by Constantine IV Tiberius III | Byzantine Emperor ' | Succeeded by Leontius II Philippicus |
This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopędia Britannica. 1911 Britannica
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