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Public transportation in the city is currently overcrowded, with only 108 public buses for a population of 2-4 million. A US$23 million project to restore and expand the public electric buses system aims at some 50km of track and 50 vechicles. The current goal is to have buses running along one line by the end of 2004. Expertise and training will come from the Czech Republic, particularly Ostrov-Skoda . In addition, India, Iran and Japan have agreed to provide more regular buses for the city.
As of June, 2004, three banks currrently operate in Kabul: the Standard Chartered Bank, Punjab National BankPunjab National Bank (PNB) is the second largest public sector bank in India with about 4500 branches and offices throughout the country. History 1895: PNB established in Lahore. 1904: PNB established branches in Karachi and Peshawar. 1939: PNB acquired B and the Habib Bank of Pakistan
The Kabul Hotel (in the center of Kabul) is being revamped by the AKDNThe Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) focuses on health, education, culture, rural development, institution-building and the promotion of economic development. It is dedicated to improving living conditions and opportunities for the poor, without regard at the cost of US$25 million. The first phase of the project is scheduled to open AugustSee August (album) for the album by Eric Clapton. August is the eighth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 31 days. Named in honor of Augustus Caesar. The month reputedly has 31 days because Augustus wanted as many days as Julius Caesar's Ju, 20042004 is a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 2004 calendar), and has also been designated the: International Year of Rice International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition Elections are to be held in 73 co. A 200-room Hyatt Regency hotel is scheduled to open by 20052005 is a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). It has been designated: The World Year of Physics The International Year of Microcredit The International Year for Sport and Physical Education The United States Year of Foreign. It will include conference rooms and a communications center. The landmarkFor the group sometimes known as Landmark see Landmark Education Originally, a landmark literally meant a geographic feature, used by explorers and others to find their way back through an area on a return trip. In modern usage, it is anything that easily Intercontinental Hotel is undergoing major reconstruction.
The first records of Kabul are a mention of the Kubha River around 1200BC and reference to a settlement named Kabura by the Persian Achaemenids around 300BC. The Bactrians founded the town of Parapamisidae near Kabul, but it was later ceded to the Mauryans in the first century. Kabul then fell under the sway of the Kushans, though they placed their summer capital at Bagram, north of Kabul. The city then came under Hindu control until its capture by the Arabs in 664. Over the next 600 years, the city was successively controlled by the Samanids of Bokhara, the Ghaznavid Empire, and the Ghorids of Bamiyan.
In the 13th century the Mongol horde passed through. In the next century, Kabul rose again as a trading center under the kingdom of Timur, who married the sister of Kabul's ruler. As Timurid power waned, the city was captured in 1504 and made into a capital by Babur and subsequent Mughal rulers. Haidar , an Indian poet that visited at the time wrote "Dine and drink in Kabul: it is mountain, desert, city, river and all else."
Nadir Shah of Persia captured it in 1738. During the mid 18th century Amid Shah Durrani rose to power in Afghanistan, re-asserting Afghan rule. In 1772, his son Timur Shah inherited power and made Kabul the capital, even as their empire began to crumble.In 1826 the throne was claimed by Dost Mohammed , but it was taken by the British army in 1839 (see Afghan Wars), who installed the unpopular puppet Shah Shuja . 1841 saw a local uprising massacre both the British mission and the British army on their subsequent retreat to Jalalabad. In 1842 the British returned, plundering Bala Hissar in revenge before reterating to India. Dost Mohammed returned to the throne.
The British returned in 1878 as the city was under Sher Ali Khan 's rule, but their residents were massacred again. The British army came again in 1879 under General Roberts, partially destroying Bala Hissar before retreating to India. Amir Abdur Rahman was left in control of the country.
In the early 20th century King Amanullah reigned. His reforms included electricity and schooling for girls. He drove a Rolls Royce, and lived in a palace at Darulaman in south-west Kabul. In 1919 Amanullah announced Afghanistan's independence from Id Gah Mosque , after the Third Anglo-Afghan War. In 1928, Bacha-i-Saqao , a Tajik rebel, deposed Amanullah and terrorised Kabul for nine months until Nadir Shah, Amanullah's half-brother, restored rule.
In 1932 Kabul University opened, and the 1950s saw the streets of the city paved with Russian assistance.
After 1940, the city began to grow as an industrial center.
In the 1960s, Kabul developed a cosmopolitan mood. The first Marks and Spencer store in Central Asia was built there, and Kabul Zoo was inaugurated in 1967. The Zoo was maintained with the help of visiting German Zoologists, and focused on Afghan fauna.
In 1975 an east-west electric trolley-bus system provided public transportation across the city. The system was built with assistance from Czechoslovakia.
After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the U.S.S.R. occupied the city on December 23, 1979, turning it into their command center during the 10-year conflict between the Soviet-allied government and the mujahedeen rebels. The American embassy in Kabul was closed on January 30, 1989. Kabul fell into guerrilla hands after the 1992 collapse of the Mohammad Najibullah government. As these forces divided into rival warring factions, the city increasingly suffered. In December the last of the 86 trolley buses in the city came to a halt due to the conflict. At that time a system of 800 public buses continued to provided transportation to the population of about one million.
At this time, Burhannudin Rabbani's Jamiat-e Islami (Islamic Council of Afghanistan) held power but the nominal prime minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami began a five year shelling of the city from its south, which lasted until 1996. Kabul was factionalised, and fighting continued between Jamiat-e Islami, Dostum and the Hazara Hezb-e Wahdat . Tens of thousands of civilians were killed and more fled as refugees.
Kabul was captured by the Taliban in September, 1996, publicly lynching ex-president Najibullah, repressing the city's dangerously literate populace and effectively moving the capital to Kandahar.
The Taliban abandoned the city on November 12, 2001 due to extensive American bombing and Kabul came under the control of the Northern Alliance. After the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, it became the capital of the Afghan Transitional Administration .
The city is served by Kabul International Airport.
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