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Khalifa is Arabic for " stewardship" of nature and family, a key obligation of a Muslim (one accepting Islam). By contrast, in Judeo-Christian tradition, the term " dominion over nature " is the usual translation of the Hebrew word rādāh in Genesis.
While Sunni and Shia Islam differ sharply on the conduct of a caliph and the right relations between a leader and a community, they do not differ on the underlying theory of stewardship. Both abhor waste of natural resources in particular to show off or demonstrate power. Many consider this conservation urge a necessity of any desert culture, where oases are precious and natural capital must be preserved, in particular clean water sources.
Three specific ways in which khalifa is manifested in Muslim practice are the creation of haram to protect water, hima to protect other species (including those useful to man), and by resisting infidel domination over Muslim lands, in jihadJihad is an Arabic word which comes from the Arabic root word "jahada"; which means "exerting utmost effort" or "to strive. The word connotes a wide range of meanings, from an inward spiritual struggle to attain perfect faith to an outward material strugg (which can only be declared legitimately after a number of serious abuses, including cutting down olive trees, a major source of contention in the West Bank of the Jordan).
Note that Judeo-Christians are not always considered infidels ( kaffirKafir Kaafir (or Kafir plural Kuffar or Kuffaar is an Arabic word meaning denier or concealer''. In a religious context it is often used to mean infidel unbeliever i. a non- Muslim. Strictly speaking, the correct use of the word kafir in Islamic theology) as such by Islam, and are permitted freedom of religion, but not to be allowed control of Muslim lands, thought to be in part because of this differing obligation of man towards nature, theoretical though it may be.
The modern theory of khalifa as ecological stewardship has developed as part of Islamic scienceIslamic science is science in the context of traditional religious ideas of Islam, including its ethics and prohibitions. This is not the same as science as conducted by any Muslim in a secular context. However, certain liberal movements in Islam deny the - notably in the work of Seyyed Hossein NasrSeyyed Hossein Nasr is a scholar of Islam, its view of ecology, comparative religion and sufism. Like Thomas Berry the Catholic scholar of "reconciliation with creation", Nasr sees the emergence of khalifa focused strictly on the natural world and the fur. This development parallels similar trends in many religions, e.g. Henry David Thoreau the Protestant, Thomas Berry the Catholic, and Mohandas Gandhi the Hindu, all of which deplored consumerism and elevate respect for nature to a good in itself.
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