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Home > Land reform

This definition is somewhat complicated by the issue of state-owned collective farms. In various times and places, land reform has encompassed the transfer of land from ownership — even peasant ownership in smallholdings — to government-owned collective farms; it has also, in other times and places, referred to the exact opposite, division of government-owned collective farms into smallholdings.

Land reform has been practiced around the world, from the Mexican revolution to Communist China to Zimbabwe and Namibia. Land reform has been especially popular as part of decolonization struggles in Africa and the Arab world, where it was part of the program for African socialism and Arab socialism. Land reform was an important step in achieving economic development in many Third World countries since the post- World War IIWorld War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the world's nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. The war was fough period, especially in the East Asian TigersThe East Asian Tigers sometimes also referred to as Asia's Four Little Dragons referred to the economies of Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Singapore; these nations were noted for maintaining high growth rates and rapid industrialization between the e and "Tiger Cubs" nations such as TaiwanThe Republic of China ( Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-hua Min-kuo, Tongyong Pinyin: JhongHua MinGuo, Hanyu Pinyin: Zhonghua Minguo) is a de facto sovereign state that currently administers the island groups of Taiwan, Peng, South KoreaThe Republic of Korea (ROK; Korean: Daehan Minguk ( Hangul: ; Hanja: )), commonly known as South Korea is a country in East Asia, covering the southern half of the Korean peninsula. To the north, the Republic of Korea borders North Korea, with which it fo, and MalaysiaThe Federation of Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. It consists of two geographical regions divided by the South China Sea: Peninsular Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula is bordered to the north by Thailand and to the south by Singapore; East Malaysia.

Since mainland ChinaAll islands except Hainan and Taiwan are invisible on the map. Mainland China ( or , pinyin: Zhongguo Dalu, lit. The Chinese Massive Landmass" or "Continental China"), is an informal geographical term which is usually synonymous with the area currently ad's economic reforms led by Deng Xiaoping land reforms have also played a key role in the development of the People's Republic of China.

1 Land ownership and tenure

See main article Land ownership and tenure.

The variety of land reform derives from the variety of land ownership and tenure. Among the possibilities are:

• Traditional land tenure, as in the indigenous nations or tribes of North America in the Pre-Columbian era.
• Feudal land ownership, through fiefdoms
• Life estate, interest in real property that ends at death.
• Fee tail, hereditary, non-transferable ownership of real property.
• Fee simple. Under common law, this is the most complete ownership interest one can have in real property.
• Leasehold or rental
• Rights to use a commons
• Sharecropping
• Easements

In addition, there is paid agricultural labor — under which someone works the land in exchange for money, payment in kind, or some combination of the two — and various forms of collective ownership. The latter typically takes the form of membership in a cooperative, or shares in a corporation, which owns the land (typically by fee simple or its equivalent, but possibly under other arrangements). There are also various hybrids: in many communist states, government ownership of most agricultural land has combined in various ways with tenure for farming collectives.

The peasants or rural agricultural workers who are usually the intended primary beneficiaries of a land reform may be, prior to the reform, members of failing collectives, owners of inadequate small plots of land, paid laborers, sharecroppers, serfs, even slaves or effectively enslaved by debt bondage.

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