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Home > Latin conjugation

In Latin, there are four main patterns of conjugation composed of groups of verbs that are conjugated following similar patterns. As in other languages, Latin verbs have a passive voice and an active voice. (Naturally, only transitive verbs may be conjugated in the passive.) Furthermore, there exist deponent and semi-deponent Latin verbs (verbs with a passive form but active meaning).

In a dictionary, Latin verbs are always listed with four principal parts which allow the reader to deduce the other conjugated forms of the verbs. These are:

• the first person singular of the present indicative active
• the present infinitive
• the first person singular of the perfect indicative active
• the supine (or, in some texts, the perfect passive participle, which is nearly always identical)

1 Latin tenses and moods

Latin has the following tenses and moods:

• Active voice
  • Indicative: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect (past perfect), future perfect
  • Subjunctive: present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect
  • Infinitive: present, perfect, future
  • Imperative: present, future
  • Participle: present, future
  • Gerund
  • Supine (perfect participle)
• Passive voice
  • Indicative: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
  • Subjunctive: present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect
  • Infinitive: present, perfect, future
  • Imperative: present
  • Participle: perfect
  • Verbal adjective

2 Deponent and semi-deponent verbs

Deponent verbs are verbs that are passive in form (that is, conjugated as though in the passive voice) but active in meaning. These verbs have only three principal parts since the present indicative in the passive voice is formed from the same radical as the supine.

Deponent verbs use active conjugations for tenses that do not exist in the passive: the gerundive, the supine, the present and future participles and the future infinitive.

Verbal adjectives of deponent verbs are passive in meaning.

3 Principal parts for the active voice

The first conjugation is characterized by the vowel a and can be recognized by the -āre ending of the present infinitive.

• The principal parts of a first-conjugation verb follows the pattern: amo, amāre, amāvi, amātum (to love)

The second conjugation is characterized by the vowel e and can be recognized by the -eo ending of the first person present indicative and the -ere ending of the present infinitive.

• The principal parts of a second-conjugation verb follows the pattern: deleo, delere, delevi, deletum (to destroy)

The third conjugation consists of two sub-forms sometimes referred to as the third normal (or e stem) and third special (or i stem) forms. In the normal form the first person present indicative ends in -o. In the special or i stem form, the first person indicative ends in -io. In both cases the present infinitive ends in -ere.

• The principal parts of a normal third-conjugation verb follows the pattern: lego, legere, legi, lectum (to read)
• The principal parts of a special third-conjugation verb follows the pattern: capio, capere, cepi, captum (to capture)

The fourth conjugation is characterized by the vowel i and can be recognized by the -ire ending of the present infinitive.

• The principal parts of a fourth-conjugation verb follows the pattern: audio, audire, audivi, auditum (to hear)

There are also some verbs that are irregular and do not fall into one of the four categories. Some examples include:

• sum, esse, fui, -- (to be) and its compound forms
• eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum (to go) and its compound forms
• volo, velle, volui, -- (to want)
• nolo, nolle, nolui, -- (to not want)
• mālo, mālle, mālui, -- (to prefer)
• fero, ferre, tuli, lātum (to carry or wear)

Some verbs that fall under one of the four categories may follow its method of conjugation but not necessarily have the same progression of principal parts. This is especially true in the third conjugation, where there is no general pattern for the third and fourth principal parts of the verb. For example, the verb occido, occidere, occidi, occisum (to kill) is third conjugation but has principal parts that are different from that of lego.

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Topics: Latin Conjugation Present Radical **present Infinitive **future...

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