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Since each letter of the alphabet corresponds very closely with a phoneme, here is each letter (and digraph) in order, with the phoneme it represents, given in IPA):
A /a/ (as in father, but shorter)
A /a:/ (as in father)
AE /ae/ (as in eye)
B /b/ (as in bone)
C /k/ (as in skate)
CH /kh/ (as in cake - aspirated /k/) used in Greek loanwords to represent the letter Chi (Χχ). Not a native Latin phoneme, so it tended to be pronounced /k/.
D /d/ (as in dog)
E /e/ (as in bet)
E /e:/ (as in bet, but longer)
F /f/ (as in French)
G /g/ (as in good). Some say that "G" was pronounced /n/ (as in sing) before an "N", e.g. agnus /annus/.
H /h/ (as in happy) this sound was very weak, and quickly became silent in Vulgar Latin.
I /i/ (as in English see, but shorter)
I /i:/ (as in English see)
I /j/ (as in English yes) this sound occurs when the I is short and unstressed before another vowel.
K /k/ used in a very small number of native Latin words, and is pronounced like C.
L /l/ (as in lamb)
M /m/ (as in man) * see below
N /n/ (as in never). Before "C", "G", or "Q", the "N" was pronounced /n/ (as in sing), e.g. quinque /kwinkwe/.
O /o/ (as in or, but shorter)
O /o:/ (as in or)
OE /oe/ (as in boy)
P /p/ (as in spit)
PH /ph/ (as in pit - aspirated /p/) used in Greek loanwords to represent Phi (Φφ). Not a native Latin phoneme, so it tended to be confused with /p/.
QV /kw/ (somewhat similar to quark, but more accurately a labialized velar stop)
R /r/ (pronounced with a tap of the tongue against the upper gums, like the "R" in Spanish, or the "T" in American English "later." When double (/rr/), pronounced as a rolled "R", like "RR" in Spanish)
S /s/ (as in still)
T /t/ (as in stay)
TH /th/ (as in tin - aspirated /t/) used in Greek loanwords to represent Theta (Θθ). Not a native Latin phoneme, so it tended to be confused with /t/.
V /u/ (as in boot, but shorter)
V /u:/ (as in boot)
V /w/ (as in win) when short and unstressed before another vowel.
X /ks/ (as in box).
Y /y/ (as in French tu or German übermensch) used in Greek loanwords to represent Upsilon or Ypsilon (ϒυ) Not a native Latin phoneme, so it tended to be confused with /i/ or /u/.
Z /dz/ (as in suds) used in Greek loanwords; eventually reduced to /z/.
* The way rhymes worked in Latin poetry would suggest that, by the Classical period, the letter M at the end of a word was pronounced weakly, devoiced, or indeed by simply nasalising the preceding vowel. If it was indeed silent, this would entail the existence of another 12 potential nasal phonemes. For simplicity, and because this is not known for certain, M is just treated as the consonant /m/ here and in other references.
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