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Their language was in the Algonquian language family and had two main dialects. Munsee, or Minnisink, was spoken in the upper Delaware River (including North Jersey), New York, and Long Island Sound. Unami was spoken in the lower Delaware River (including South Jersey). "Lenape" is a word in the Unami dialect whose closest translation would be, "regular guys." ('Lenni-Lenapi would translate as, "really regular guys"). The Lenape name for the area they inhabited is Scheyischbi, which means, "the place bordering the ocean."
In colonial times, although a different order may have obtained during pre-Colonial times, families were organized into clans based on a common female ancestor. Phratries, which were groups of two or more clans, were identified by an animal sign. Children were members of their mother's phratry. Couples were traditionally supposed to consist of a man and woman from different animal signs, in order to prevent inbreeding in the small, local groups that cycled through the area.
Land was assigned to a particular clan for hunting, fishing, and cultivation. Invidual private ownership of land was unknown, but rather the land belonged to the clan collectively while they inhabited it (see New Amsterdam for discussion of the Dutch "purchase" of Manhattan). Phratries lived in a fixed settlements, using the surrounding areas for communal hunting and planting until the land was exhausted, at which point the group moved on to found a new settlement.
The early interaction between the Lenape and the Dutch was primarily through the fur trade, specifically the exchange of beaver pelts by the Lenape for European-made goods.
According to Dutch settler Isaac de Rasieres , who observed the Lenape in 1628Events March 1 writs were issued in February 1628 by Charles I of England that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date August 10 The Swedish 64 gun sailing ship HMS Wasa sinks on her maiden voyage September 6 Puritans se, the Lenape's primary crop was maizeMaize Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Genus Zea Species Zea diploperennis ''Zea luxurians ''Zea mays ssp. huehuetenangensis ''Zea mays ssp. mays ''Zea mays ssp. mexicana '', which they planted in March after breaking up the soil using metal tools acquired from the Europeans. In May, the Lenape planted kidney beanKidney beans are a variety of common bean Phaseolus vulgaris with a dark red skin. The raw beans must be boiled for at least ten minutes before they are edible. The boiling degrades a toxic compound the lectin phytohaemagglutinin found in the bean which ws in the vicinity of the maize plants to serve as props. The summers were devoted to field work and the crops were harvested in August. Most of the field work was carried out by women, with the agricultural work of men limited to clearing the field and breaking the soil.
Hunting was the primary activity in the rest of the year. Dutch settler David de Vries , who stayed in the area from 1634Events Moses Amyraut's Traite de la predestination is published Curacao captured by the Dutch Treaty of Polianovska First meeting of the Academie francaise The witchcraft affair at Loudun Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin Opening of Covent Garden to 1644Events February to August Explorer Abel Tasman's second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. April A popular Chinese rebellion led by Li Zicheng sacks Beijing, prompting Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dyn, described a Lenape hunt in the valley of the Achinigeu-hach (or "Ackingsah-sack," the Hackensack RiverNew Jersey Turnpike. The skyline of Manhattan is in the background. The Hackensack River is a river, approximately 45 mi (72 km) long, in the U. states of New York and New Jersey, emptying into Newark Bay, a back chamber of New York Harbor. The watershed), in which 100 or more men stood in a line many paces from each other, beating thigh bones on their palms to drive animals to the river, where they could be easily killed. Other methods of hunting included lassoing and drowning deer, as well as forming a circle around prey and setting the brush on fire.
The quick dependence of the Lenape on European goods, and the need for fur to trade with the Europeans, eventually resulted in a disaster with an overharvesting of the beaver population in the lower Hudson. The fur source thus exhausted, the Dutch shifted their operations to present-day Upstate New YorkUpstate New York is a geographical term that refers to northern New York State. It is usually taken to imply all of the state excluding New York City Long Island Westchester County Cities in Upstate New York include: Albany (the state capital) Binghamton. The Lenape population fell into disease and decline. Likewise, the differences in conceptions of property rights between the Europeans and the Lenape resulted in widespread confusion among the Lenape and the loss of their lands. After the Dutch arrival in the 1620s, the Lenape were successfully able to restrict Dutch settlement to present-day Jersey City along the Hudson until the 1660s, when the Dutch finally established a garrison at Fort Bergen , allowing settelment west of the Hudson.
The Treaty of Easton, signed between the Lenapi and the English in 1766, removed them westward, out of present-day New York and New Jersey and into Pennsylvania, then Ohio and beyond -- although sporadic raids on English settlers continued, staged from far outside the area.
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