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McCune-Reischauer is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. A variant of McCune-Reischauer is used as the official system in North Korea.
The system was created in 1937 by two Americans: George M. McCune and Edwin O. Reischauer. It does not attempt to transliterate Hangul but rather to represent the phonetic pronunciation. McCune-Reischauer is widely used outside of Korea. It was used as the official romanization system in South Korea from 1984 to 2000. A third system—the Yale romanization system, which is a one-to-one transliteration system—exists, but is only used in academic literature, especially in linguistics. During the period of Russian interest in Korea at the beginning of the 20th century, attempts were also made at representing Korean in Cyrillic.
According to some people, the McCune-Reischauer system is basically friendly to Westerners. For example, Korean has phonologically no distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants, but it phoneticallyPhonetics is the study of speech sounds ( voice). It is concerned with the actual nature of the sounds and their production, as opposed to phonology, which operates at the level of sound systems and linguistic units called phonemes. Discussions of meaning distinguishes them. Aspirated consonants like "p' ", "b' ", and "t' " are distinguished by apostropheAn apostrophe ( ’ is a punctuation and sometimes diacritic mark in languages written in the Latin alphabet. In English, it marks omissions, forms the possessive, and, in special cases, forms plurals. English language usage An apostrophe is commonly used t from unaspirated ones, which is intuitive to Westerners. The apostrophe is also used to disambiguate syllableThis article discusses the unit of speech. For the computer operating system, see Syllable (operating system). A syllable is a unit of speech that is made up of one or more phones (single sounds or "phonetic segments") and in turn makes up words. It influs (jon'gum vs. jong'um).
Critics of the McCune-Reischauer system claim that casual users of the system omit the breveThis article is about the breve as a diacritical mark. For a breve in music, see double whole note. A breve ( Latin Brevis "short, brief") is a diacritical mark , shaped like a little round cup, designed to indicate a short vowel, as opposed to the macrons over the o for 어 and the u for 으, because typing o or u without the breves is often easier than adding them. This, in turn, can lead to confusion over whether the o being Romanized is 오 or 어 or the u being Romanized is 우 or 으. Casual users also often omit the apostrophe that differentiates aspirated consonants (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, and ㅊ) from their unaspirated counterparts (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ), which can also lead to confusion. Defenders of the McCune-Reischauer system, however, respond that a casual user unfamiliar with Korean can easily approximate actual pronunciation of Korean names or words even when breves and apostrophes are omitted, although it is still best to include them.
Such common omissions were the primary reason the South Korean government adopted a revised system of Romanization in 2000. Critics of the revised system claim it fails to represent 어 and 으 in an easily recognizable way, and that it misrepresents the unaspirated consonants as they are actually pronounced.
Meanwhile, despite official adoption of the new system in South Korea, many in the Korean Studies community, both in and out of South Korea, generally continue to use either the McCune-Reischauer or Yale system, as do North Korea and many international geographic and cartographic conventions. Even within South Korea, usage of the new system is less than universal (as was the case when McCune-Reischauer was the official Romanization system).
