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Home > Modern Orthodox Judaism

Modern Orthodox Jews believe that Jews should hold fast to the traditional Jewish principles of faith, and should live by traditional Jewish laws and customs. They are more flexible on these points than Haredi Judaism, but more rigid on these points than any of the admittedly non-Orthodox branches of Judaism.

The movement traces its roots to the works of Rabbis Azriel Hildesheimer (1820-1899) and Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888). Rabbi Hirsch developed the motto of Torah im Derech Eretz, which translated literally from the Hebrew would mean " Torah with the way of the world". This phrase means that one should not only accept as necessary, but hold to be positive the integration of traditional Judaism with secular education. At that time Hirsch's definition of secular education included not only the basic academic topics and the sciences, but also (German) literature, philosophy and culture.

1 Modest reforms within Jewish practice

In early 1800s Europe, all of Judaism that differed from the strictest forms present at the time was called "Reform". Having a sermon in the vernacular language, such as German or English was reform. Having the bima (where the Torah is read from) in the front of the synagogue instead of near the center was a reform. Zionism as a political movement was considered outside of all religious Jewish practices, being rejected even by "Reform". Having ordered services with a choir was reform. All of these reforms eventually became accepted as valid within Orthodoxy.

2 Modern forms of textual criticism

Modern Orthodox Jews may acknowledge insights provided by some tools of modern textual criticism into Judaism's sacred works and rabbinic literatureRabbinic literature in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of rabbinic writing throughout history. However, the term often used as an exact cognate of the Hebrew term Sifrut Hazal ( "; "The Literature of our Sages, of blessed memory"), where. However, it also maintains that the Torah is of divine origin, and has been transmitted with almost perfect fidelity from the time of MosesSee also Exodus Moses or Moshe "Drawn", Standard Hebrew Moše Tiberian Hebrew Mošeh , son of Amram and his wife, Jochebed, a Levite. Legendary Hebrew liberator, leader, lawgiver, prophet, and historian. If he is a historical figure, he may have until today. Modern Orthodox Jews often study academic biblical criticism but rely on traditional authorities for normative interpretation of the Torah. The documentary hypothesisThe documentary hypothesis is a theory held by many historians and academics in the field of linguistics that the five books of Moses (the Torah) are a combination of documents from different sources. In general, the authorship of all the books of the Bib is only of academic interest for observance.

Modern Orthodoxy is ambivalent, at best, about the use of academic criticism for others books of the TanakhTanakh [] (also spelt Tanach or Tenach is an acronym for the three parts of the Hebrew Bible, based upon the initial Hebrew letters of each part: Torah [] ("The Law"; also: Teaching or Instruction , Chumash [] ("The five", also Pentateuch or The five book (Hebrew Bible, Old Testament) because if one allows these techniques to be used here, one might then be tempted to eventually look at the Torah in this light as well. Orthodox Judaism makes clear distinctions between the books of the Hebrew BibleTanakh [] (also spelt Tanach or Tenach is an acronym for the three parts of the Hebrew Bible, based upon the initial Hebrew letters of each part: Torah [] ("The Law"; also: Teaching or Instruction , Chumash [] ("The five", also Pentateuch or The five book, holding that the first five books - the Torah - are of a special nature, being directly dictated by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. The rest of the books of the Bible, the Neviim (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings) are also considered holy, but are less direct transcriptions of God's will. As such some forms of higher criticism of these book are sometimes considered acceptable. A certain amount of Modern Orthodox acceptance of higher criticism for non-Torah books of the Bible can be found in the Soncino Books of the Bible series, and in the Pentateuch and Haftarah by Joseph H. Hertz, both works which are widely used in the Modern Orthodox community.

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