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Modernist poetry in English is generally considered to have emerged in the early years of the 20th century with the first appearance of the Imagist poets. In common with many other modernists, these poets were writing in reaction to what they saw as the excesses of Victorian poetry, with its emphasis on traditional formalism and overly flowery poetic diction . In many respects, their criticism of contemporary poetry echoes what William Wordsworth wrote in the Preface to Lyrical Ballads to instigate the Romantic movement in British poetry over a century earlier.
In general, the modernists saw themselves as looking back to the best practices of poets in earlier periods and other cultures. The models they looked to included ancient Greek literature, Chinese and Japanese poetry, the troubadours, DanteDante Alighieri was Florentine poet and author of the Divine Comedy Dante Gabriel Rossetti was a leading member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, a poet, a painter and a translator. and the medieval ItalianThe Italian Republic or Italy ( Italian: Italia is a country in the south of Europe, consisting mainly of a boot-shaped peninsula together with two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea: Sicily and Sardinia. To the north, where it borders France, Switzer philosophical poets (such as Guido CavalcantiGuido Cavalcanti (c. 1255 1300) was an Italian poet who was a friend and colleague of Dante. His poetry explores the philosophy of love. External link Cavalcanti, Guido.), and the EnglishEngland is the largest, the most populous, and the most densely populated of the four " Home Nations" which make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). Occupying the south-eastern portion of the island of Great Britain, England Metaphysical poetsThe Metaphysical poets were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. Their rigorous, energetic verse appeals to the readers intellect rather than emot.
Much of the early poetry produced by these writers took the form of short, compact lyricsLyrics are the written words in a song. Lyrics can be written during composition of a song or after the accompanying music is composed. Sometimes, however, music is adapted to or written for a song or poem that has already been written. Not all lyrics gen. However, as modernist poetry in English developed over the course of the century, the writing of longer poems came to the fore. These long poems represent the main contribution of the modernist movement to the 20th century English poetic canon.
Modernist poetry is a mode of writing characterised by technical innovation in the versification (sometimes referred to as free verseFree verse (or vers libre is a style of poetry that is based on cadences that are more irregular than those of traditional poetic meter. While traditional poetic forms are based on fixed stress-patterns and syllable counts, free verse is not constrained t) and by the dislocation of the 'I' of the poet as a means of subverting the notion of an unproblematic poetic 'self' directly addressing an equally unproblematic ideal reader or audience that is typical of 19th century poetry in English language.
These two facets of modernist poetry are intimately connected with each other. The dislocation of the authorial presence is achieved through the application of such techniques as collage, found poetry, visual poetry, the juxtaposition of apparently unconnected materials, and combinations of these. These techniques are used not for their own sake but to open up questions in the mind of the reader regarding the nature of the poetic experience. These developments parallel changes in the other arts, especially painting and music, that were taking place concurrently.
Additionally, Modernist poetry disavowed the traditional aesthetic claims of Romantic poetry's later phase and no longer sought "beauty" as the highest achievement of verse. With this abandonment of "beauty" came a turn away from pastoral poetry and an attempt to focus poetry on urban, mechanical, and industrial settings. The new heroes would not be swains laboring in the fields, but office workers struggling across London Bridge, and the new settings would not be "romantic chasms deep and wide," but vacant lots, smoked over cities, and subways.
Another important feature of much modernist poetry in English is a clear focus on the surface of the poem. Much of this work focuses on the literal meaning of the words on the page rather than any metaphorical or symbolic meanings that might be imputed to them. This approach to writing is reflected in Ezra Pound's advice to young writers (in his 1937 book The ABC of Reading) to 'buy a dictionary and learn the meanings of words' and T.S. Eliot's response when ask the meaning of the line 'Lady, three white leopards sat under a juniper tree in the cool of the day...' from Ash Wednesday ( 1927); he said "It means 'Lady, three white leopards sat under a juniper tree in the cool of the day...'". Also pertinent is William Carlos Williams' 1944 statement that 'A poem is a small (or large) machine made out of words'.
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