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Modes, very similar to the concept of scales, are often in music to create interesting tonalities.
One of the major proponents of the modes,was Miles Davis. You can find an example of his exploration of the modes on his track "So What" from the "Kind of Blue" album.
There are 7 modes of the diatonic scales, one starting on each note of the scale.
Let's take the example of C Major, a diatonic scale.
The notes is C Major are C D E F G A B C, i.e C to C, with no sharps or flats.
Now C Major has an easily identifiable happy, major sound.
If however you were to play this scale starting from D, and using D as the root or base note, the sound would be noticably melancholy or minor.
If you were to play this on your instrument, you would have just played the Dorian mode. Dorian is smiliar to the natural minor (in the case of A minor A B C D E F G A), with the difference that the Dorian mode has a major 6th note (so A dorian would be A B C D E F# G A).
It is this Dorian mode, that Miles is using on the track mentioned earlier. D dorian and E flat Dorian.