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In music, a mode is an ordered series of musical intervals, which, along with the key or tonic define the pitches. However, mode is usually applied only to the specific scales found below.
The early music of Greek antiquity referred to scales in the context of scalar modes. The modes are named after cities that preferred a given mode in times past. The Greek philosopher Plato felt that playing music in a particular mode would incline one towards specific behavior associated with that mode, and suggested that soldiers should listen to music in dorian or phrygian modes to help make them stronger, but avoid music in lydian or ionian modes, for fear of being softened.
The Greek modes were:
There is a common misconception that the Church modes of medieval European music were directly descended from this notion of modality. In fact, the church modes originated in the 10th century. Authors from that period misinterpreted a text by Boethius, a scholar from the 6th century who had translated the Greek musical theory into Latin. In the 16th century, the Swiss theorist Henricus GlareanusHeinrich Glarean (also Glareanus) (June 1488 March 28, 1563) was a Swiss music theorist, poet and humanist. He was born in Mollis (in the canton of Glarus, hence his name) and died in Freiburg. After a thorough early training in music, he enrolled in the published Dodekachordon, in which he solidified the concept of the church modes, and added four additional modes: the Aeolian, Hypoaeolian, Ionian, and Hypoionian. Thus, the names of the modes used today do not actually reflect those used by the Greeks. However, the use and conception of modes or modality today is also different from their use and conception in Early music. Jim Samson (1977, p.148) describes: "Clearly any comparison of medieval and modern modality would recognize that the latter takes place against a background of some three centuries of harmonic tonality, permitting, and in the nineteenth century requiring, a dialogue between modal and diatonic prodedure."
Early musicEarly music is a term used to describe pre- Classical Western music, from the earliest written music to 1500 at the earliest (Judd, 1998, p. 4) and the end of the Baroque era in about 1750 at the latest. Music in Antiquity Very little remains of music fro made heavy use of the Church modes. A mode indicated a primary pitch or final and the organization of pitches in relation to the final, and suggested range, melodic formulas associated with different modes, location and importance of cadences, and affect (ie, emotional affect). As Liane Curtis (1998) explains, "Modes should not be equated with scales: principles of melodic organization, placement of cadences, and emotional affect are essential parts of modal content," in Medieval and Renaissance music. Carl DahlhausCarl Dahlhaus ( June_10 1928- May 1989), a musicologist from Berlin, has been one of the major contributors to the development of musicology as a scholarly discipline during the post-war era. He wrote numerous books and articles on a wide range of subject (1990, p.192) lists "three factors that form the respective starting points for the modal theories of Aurelian of Réôme , Hermannus ContractusHermannus Contractus (also called Hermannus Augiensis Hermann of Reichenau ( 1013- 1054) was an 11th century scholar. Hermannus was a son of the duke of Altshausen. He was crippled by a paralytic disease from early childhood. He spent most of his life in, and Guido of ArezzoGuido of Arezzo or Guido Monaco ( 995- 1050) is regarded as the inventor of modern musical notation ( staff notation) that replaced neumatic notation. Guido was a friar of the Benedictine order from the Italian city-state of Arezzo. He noted the difficult:The oldest medieval treatise regarding modes is Musica disciplina by Aurelian of Réôme while Hermannus Contractus was the first to define modes as partitionings of the octave (ibid, p.192-191).
However, the modes were later organized due to their relationship to the interval pattern of the major scale. The modern conception of modal scales describes a system where each mode is the usual diatonic scale, but with a different starting note. Modes came back into favour some time later in the development of jazzFor other article subjects named Jazz see jazz (disambiguation). Jazz is a musical art form characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms, and improvisation. It has been called the first original art form to develop in th ( modal jazzModal jazz is jazz played using musical modes rather than chord progressions. An understanding of modal jazz requires prior knowledge of musical modes. Modes are the seven scales used in medieval music, but 'rediscovered' by composers like Claude Debussy) and more contemporary 20th century music. Much folk musicFolk music in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the people. Folk music arose, and best survives, in societies not yet affected by mass communication and the commercialization of culture. It normally was shared and performed by the entire is also composed or best analysed in terms of modes. For example, in Irish traditional music the ionian, dorian, aeolian and mixolydian modes occur (in roughly decreasing order of frequency); the phrygian mode is an important part of the flamenco sound.
Some works by Beethoven contain modal inflections, and Chopin, Berlioz, and Liszt made extensive use of modes. They influenced nineteenth century Russian music, Mussorgsky and Borodin influenced Claude Debussy, Leos Janacek, and other twentieth century nationalists. Zoltán Kodály, Holst, Manuel de Falla use modal elements as modifications of a diatonic background, while Debussy and Bela Bartok modality replaces diatonic tonality. (Samson 1977)
While all tonal music may be described as modal, music that is labeled modal most often has less diatonic functionality and changes key less often.
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