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The use of a mute is indicated in sheet music by the direction con sordino (often abbreviated to con sord.). That the mute should be removed is indicated by senza sordino (or senza sord.).
On string instruments of the violin family, the mute takes the form of some device attached to the bridge of the instrument, stopping it from vibrating so much and resulting in a "softer" sound. Usually this takes the form of a small three-prong implement which is attached to the top of the bridge with one prong between each pair of strings, although anything which stops the bridge vibrating will suffice, and sprung clothes pegs, for example, have been used.
A more modern invention is a mute which sits on the strings between the bridge and tailpiece of the instrument. This is slid into place right next to the bridge to produce the same effect as the detachable three-pronged mutes.
Heavy "practice mutes" are available for string instruments. These also fix onto the bridge of the instrument and reduce its loudness. They are not used in any serious context, but can be useful to reduce the volume of the instrument when practicing.
On the cello a wolf mute is often attached to the G-string between the bridge and the tailpiece. This does not change the timbre of the instrument on the whole, but helps to eliminate the wolf note which is found on many cellos around a sixth or seventh above the open G-string.
One of the earliest examples in the use of muted string instruments is found in Act II of Jean-Baptiste Lully's Armide, when the entire string section sporadically plays with mutes. However, the use of mutes did not become widespread in classical music until the 19th century when romantic composers sought new timbres from the orchestra. By the 20th century the use of mutes was common.
A variety of mutes have been used on brass instruments, all of which fit into the bell of the instrument. The most common type is the straight mute, a hollow, cone-shaped mute that fits into the bell of the instrument. This results in a more metallic, almost nasal sound, and when played at loud volumes can result in a very piercing note. Straight mutes have small pieces of cork attached to the end that squeeze against the inside of the bell and hold the mute in place. In French horn technique, "hand stopping", where the player puts his hand right up the bell of the instrument, blocking it, results in a similar effect.
Another common brass mute is the cup mute. Cup mutes are similar to straight mutes, but attached to the end of the mute is a large lip that forms a cup over the bell. The result is a rounder, more muffled tone.
TrumpetThe trumpet is a brass instrument. It is the highest in register, above the tuba, euphonium, trombone, sousaphone, and french horn. A person who plays the trumpet is sometimes called a trumpeter but more often a trumpet player. The trumpet is made of bras players often use harmon mutes. Harmon mutes are hollow, bulbous mutes. In a hole on the front of the mute there is a cup that can be slid in or out, or removed completely. Harmon mutes are available for the tromboneNever look at the trombones. It only encourages them. Richard Strauss The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. It is pitched lower than the trumpet, and higher than the tuba. A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist. A tromb and other brass instruments besides the trumpet, but are seldom used. Miles DavisMiles Davis ( May 26, 1926 September 28, 1991) was an American jazz composer, trumpeter and multi-instrumentalist and was one of the most influential, innovative and original musicians of the twentieth century. In terms of importance to the history of jaz habitually used a harmon mute, giving his playing a distinctive timbre.Occasionally, brass players will also use a bucket mute. Bucket mutes contain cotton or a similar substance, and result in a soft, muffled tone.
Wah-wahWah-wah is an imitative word for the sound of bending or altering musical notes to improve expressiveness, sounding much like a human voice saying the syllable wah for each note. Wah-wah in trumpet and trombone playing Although perhaps best known from the mutes, shaped like bowler hatThe bowler hat is a hard felt hat introduced by a Norfolk landowner William Coke in the 19th century. It offered a midway between the formality of the top hat associated with the upper classes and the casual nature of soft felt hats worn by the lower midds and usually made of metal, are opened and closed over the bell of the instrument to produce the sound that gives the mute its name. Real bowler hats are often used in place of wah-wah mutes. The use of the wah-wahWah-wah is an imitative word for the sound of bending or altering musical notes to improve expressiveness, sounding much like a human voice saying the syllable wah for each note. Wah-wah in trumpet and trombone playing Although perhaps best known from the mute on brass instruments was common in jazzFor other article subjects named Jazz see jazz (disambiguation). Jazz is a musical art form characterized by blue notes, syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythms, and improvisation. It has been called the first original art form to develop in th the from 1920sCenturies: 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s Years: 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Events and trends Technology John Logie Baird invents the first working t when King Oliver and others used it.
Plungers (yes, unused rubber toilet plungers) are often used in a manner similar to the wah-wah mute. A "closed" plunger gives a tone similar to a cup mute. The plunger is notable for its ability to help produce sounds resembling the human voice. In Duke Ellington's orchestra, trombonist Tricky Sam Nanton was notorious for his work with the plumber's friend. Another famous example is the teacher's voice in the animated Peanuts cartoons.
Brass practice mutes are similar to straight mutes. While straight mutes have small pieces of cork on the end, practice mutes have a solid ring of cork that prevents air from escaping from the bell. Instead, there are tiny holes in the sides of the mute that allow air to escape silently. Yamaha makes an electronic practice mute system, Silent Brass, that amplifies the sounds inside the practice mute and sends them through headphones.
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