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The term nation state (or nation-state), while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to states in which a single nation is dominant, such as Portugal or Ireland. A nation state may at the same time be a federal state, as for instance the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America.
Over the last few centuries (and particular over the last half-century, except in Africa), this form of state has become more common, so that now most states claim to be nation states. However, this has not always been so; and even today there are some states where it is questionable whether they contain a single dominant nation. This is made more difficult by the question of what is a nation.
There are many states, such as Belgium and Switzerland, with multiple linguistic, religious or ethnic groups within them, without any one being clearly dominant. However, often (and especially in the case of Switzerland and the United States) a bridging national identity has been constructed despite these differences. A better example of a non-nation state would be the United Kingdom, which consists of three nations England, Scotland, and WalesFor alternate meanings, see Wales (disambiguation Wales ( Welsh: Cymru pronounced /"k@mrI/ SAMPA, km IPA, 'Kumree' approximate pronunciation) is one of the four nations comprising the United Kingdom (the other three being England, Scotland and Northern Ir together with Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland is the smallest of the Home Nations of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland lies in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It covers 14,139 square kilometres (5,459 square miles), and has a populati, the northern part of a fourth nation.
A somewhat similar example might be contemporary SpainThe Kingdom of Spain is a country located in the southwest of Europe. It shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra. To the northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain range, it borders France and the tiny principality of Andorra. It inc, where BasqueThis article is about the Basque people. For the article of clothing, see basque (clothing). The Basques Euskaldunak are an indigenous people who inhabit parts of both Spain and France. They are found predominantly in four provinces in Spain and three ins, CatalansComunitat Autonoma de Catalunya In detail Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val d'Aran, also Aranese. Area total % of Spain Ranked 6th 32 114 kmē 6,3% Population Total (2003) % of Spain Density Ranked 2nd 6 506 440 15,6% 190,73/k, and GaliciansComunidade Autonoma de Galicia Capital Santiago de Compostela Official languages Galician and Castilian Area total % of Spain Ranked 7th 29 574 kmē 5,8% Population Total (2003) % of Spain Density Ranked 5th 2 737 370 6,5% 92,36/kmē Demonym English Galicia claim to be nations distinct from the historically dominant CastileA former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. Previously an eastern county of the kingdom of Leon, Castile in the 11th century became an independent realm (the Spanish Constitution of 1978The Spanish Constitution of 1978 is the culmination of the Spanish transition to democracy. The purpose of this article: discussion of the constitution in Spain, its history, sources, impact, implications, debated issues, relationship with European Union hints at this by mentioning "regions and nationalities" within Spain, and recognizing implicitly their pre-existence).
Historically France was more successful at subsuming within a Gallic nation-state such culturally disparate elements as Brittany, Aquitaine, Languedoc and Burgundy, though less so in Corsica.
In many cases, such as Canada, Switzerland, United States of America, Indonesia, the Soviet Union, India, and China, efforts have been made to create a national identity that encompasses different groups within that country. In the case of China this effort has manifested itself in the concept of Zhonghua minzu (or a Chinese people).
Examples of non-nation states are empires and multinational states which embrace more than one nation, city-states which may be part of a larger nation, thalassocracies, American Indian nations or tribes none of which possess states, and sovereign corporations (as in the Hudson's Bay Company or the British East India Company). The Kurds and the Palestinians are sometimes referred to as Nations without states, much as European Jews before the official creation of Israel in 1948.
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