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The first Navigation Act was passed in October 1651 by the parliament of the Commonwealth of England led by Oliver Cromwell. It was reaction to the failure of a diplomatic mission seeking recognition of the Commonwealth by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.
The 1651 Act banned foreign ships from transporting goods from outside Europe to England, and banned ships from third countries from transporting goods from a country in Europe to England. These rules specifically targeted the Dutch who controlled a large section of Europe's international trade and even much of England's coastal shipping. It excluded the Dutch from essentially all trade with England, since the Netherlands produced very few goods itself. This led to the First Anglo-Dutch War, in which eventual naval victory forced the Dutch to acknowledge the Act in the Treaty of Westminster (1654).
It is noteworthy that only shortly before the Navigation Act was passed Dutch lawyer Hugo de Groot ( 1583- 1645Events February 15 New Model Army is founded officially June 14 English Civil War: Battle of Naseby 12,000 Royalist forces are beaten by 15,000 Parliamentarian soldiers June 28 English Civil War the Royalists lose Carlisle July 2: Fight at Alford, Aberdee) had devised a draft for a written international sea law, in which he advocated unrestricted sea trade. His views fitted very well in with Dutch interests. Nothing was to come of it in those days. However, the modern concept of territorial watersThe territorial waters are sea waters of a littoral state that are regarded as under jurisdiction of the state: commonly, those waters measured from the shoreline of a sovereign state where the laws of that state are applicable. These waters commonly exte, limiting a country's jurisdiction to a narrow strip of sea close to land, is derived from his ideas.
After the RestorationThe English Restoration or simply Restoration was an episode in the history of Great Britain beginning in 1660, when the monarchy was restored under King Charles II after the English Civil War. Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protect of Charles IICharles II ( 29 May 1630 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649 de jure or 29 May 1660 de facto until his death. Charles II's father, Charles I, had been executed in 1649 following the English Civil War; the mo in 1660Events January 1 colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration February 2 George Monck and his regiment arrive in London February 23 a second Navigation Act was passed, with the rules expanded to cover exports as well as imports. The Act also imposed severe restrictions on the colonial trade. All foreign shipping was banned from this trade and the colonies themselves were forbidden from directly exporting certain goods, including tobacco, sugar and cotton, to non-English consumers.
This led to the Second Anglo-Dutch War11 14 June 1666 by Abraham Storck depicts a battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War . The Second Anglo-Dutch War was fought between England and the United Provinces from 1665 to 1667. Prelude In April 1654 the First Anglo-Dutch War was concluded with a Briti.
A series of four acts, passed between 1662 and 1773, imposed further taxes and restrictions on trade with England's, and after 1707, Britain's colonies.
The 1733 Molasses Act levied heavy duties on the trade of sugar from the French West IndiesThe French West Indies entails both Guadeloupe and Martinique. to the American colonies, forcing the colonists to buy the more expensive sugar from the British West Indies instead. The law was widely flouted, but efforts by the British to prevent smuggling created hostility and contributed to the American Revolution.
The Navigation Acts were repealed in 1849 by which point Britain's utter domination of world shipping allowed them to pursue a more laissez-faire philosophy.
The Navigation Acts were passed under the economic theory of mercantilism under which wealth was to be increased by restricting trade to colonies rather than with free trade. Many scholars, including Adam Smith, have viewed the Navigation Acts as a very beneficial example of state intervention. The introduction of the legislation allowed Britain's shipping industry to develop in isolation and become the best in the world. The increase in merchant shipping also led to a rapid increase in the size and quality of the British Navy, which led to Britain becoming a global superpower.
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