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Oceanography (also called oceanology and marine science ) is the study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes. There are five major divisions within the science:

biological oceanography (also sometimes considered a subset of marine biology), which is the study of the flora and fauna of the ocean;
chemical oceanography (the study of the chemistry of the ocean);
marine geology (or geological oceanography), including plate tectonics and other studies of the ocean floor;
and meteorologic oceanography , which is concerned with how the atmosphere and the ocean interact.
physical oceanography, which is concerned with the physical attributes of the ocean (such as its temperature-salinity structure, waves, and currents);

The beginnings of oceanography as a science in its own right really began in 1872, when C.W. Thomson and John Murray (oceanographer) set out on the Challenger expedition (1872-76). It was around this time when assorted nations realised that (seeing as trade used the ocean quite a bit) they should invest in the study of the ocean. Various nations sent out expeditions (as did private individuals and institutions), and institutes dedicated to the study of oceanography were created. The two most well-known in the United States are the Scripps Institution of OceanographyThe Scripps Institution of Oceanography (sometimes referred to as SIO or just Scripps in La Jolla, California is one of the oldest, largest, and most important centers for marine science research, graduate training, and public service in the world. Scripp and Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionThe Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI is devoted to scientific research and science- and engineering-education leading to MS and PhD degrees in oceanography and related fields. It is located in the village of Woods Hole, Massachusetts. It grants. In Britain, a major new research institution is the Southampton Oceanography CentreThe Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC) is a purpose-built, joint venture between the University of Southampton and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). Opened in 1996, it is one of an elite group of world-class centres of excellence special.

The first international organization of oceanography was created in 1901Events January 1 World celebrates what is regarded as the start of the new century. Zero-ists' argument that new century should be celebrated in 1900 rejected worldwide). January 1 The six colonies that make up Australia are federated as under an act of t as the International Council for the Exploration of the SeaThe International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES was established in 1902 by eight northern European nations. ICES today has nineteen member nations from both Europe and North America. In the early years the aim of ICES as a scientific organi. Later, in 1966Events January January 1 In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bedel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. January 2 Strike of public transportation workers in New York City ends January 13 January 3 First Acid Test at the Fil, the U.S. Congress created the National Council for Marine Resources and Engineering Development, which was in charge of exploring and studying all aspects of Oceanography. It also enabled the National Science Foundation to give grant money to people doing studies in the field of oceanography.

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