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Although the Open Door is generally associated with China, it also received recognition at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo basin.
In 1898, the United States became an East Asian power through the acquisition of the Philippine Islands, and when the partition of China by the EuropeanFor the band of the same name, see Europe (band . Europe is a continent forming the westermost part of the Eurasian supercontinent. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Se powers and JapanJapan (, Nippon/Nihon literally "the origin of the sun") is a country in East Asia situated on a chain of islands east of the Asian continent on the western edge of the Pacific Ocean. The largest of these islands are, from north to south, Hokkaido , Honsh seemed imminent, the U.S. government strove to preserve equal industrial and commercial privileges. Secretary of StateUnited Kingdom In the United Kingdom, a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a Government Department. Secretary of State positions can be created without primary legislation; and legislation refers to 'Secretary of State', which is John HayJohn Milton Hay ( October 8, 1838 July 1, 1905) began his public career as a secretary to Abraham Lincoln. His diary and writings during the Civil War are basic historical sources. He is credited by some as being the author of Lincoln's letter to the Wido sent ( 1899Events January events January 1 End of Spanish rule in Cuba. January 1 Queens and Staten Island merge with New York City. January 3 The first known use of the word " automobile", in an editorial in the New York Times''. January 6 Lord Curzon becomes a vic) notes to the major powers ( FranceThe French Republic or France ( French: Republique francaise or France is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents., Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, and Russia), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in China. In replying, each nation evaded Hay's request, taking the position that it could not commit itself until the other nations had complied. However, in March 1900, Hay announced that the powers had granted consent to his request. Only Japan challenged this declaration, and the Open Door became an international policy.
After the Boxer Uprising , Hay dispatched ( 1900) a similar circular note.
Two years later, the U.S. government protested that Russian encroachment in Manchuria was a violation of the Open Door. When Japanese replaced Russian influence in Southern Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War ( 1904- 5) the Japanese and U.S. governments pledged to maintain a policy of equality in Manchuria. In finance, American efforts to preserve the Open Door led ( 1909) to the formation of an international banking consortium through which all Chinese railroad loans would be made. The United States withdrew in 1913, asserting that the consortium violated Chinese administrative integrity.
The next violation of the Open Door policy occurred in 1915, when Japan presented to China the Twenty-one Demands. That incident led ( 1917) to another exchange of notes between the United States and Japan in which there were renewed assurances that the Open Door would be respected, but that the United States recognized Japan's special interests in China. The Open Door principle had been further weakened by a series of secret treaties (1917) between Japan and the Allies, which promised Japan the German possessions in China.
The increasing disregard of the Open Door was a main reason for the convocation of the Conference on the Limitation of Armament ( 1921- 22) in Washington, D.C. As a result of the conference, the Nine-Power Treaty , guaranteeing the integrity and independence of China and reaffirming the Open Door principle, was signed by the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, China, and Belgium. With the Japanese seizure ( 1931) of Manchuria and the creation of Manchukuo, however, the Open Door received its greatest reverse.
After World War II, China's position as a sovereign state was recognized. No nation, therefore, had the right or capacity to carve out spheres of influence or to attempt to exclude other states from trade, and the Open Door policy ceased to exist.
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