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The word orthodoxy, from the Greek ortho ('right', 'correct') and dox ('thought', 'teaching'), is typically used to refer to the correct observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. Orthodoxy is opposed to heresy and schism. People who deviate from orthodoxy by professing a doctrine considered to be false are called heretics, while those who deviate from orthodoxy by removing themselves from the perceived body of believers, i.e. from full communion, are called schismatics. Not infrequently these occur together. The distinction in terminology pertains to the subject matter. If one is addressing corporate unity, the emphasis may be on schism; if one is addressing doctrinal coherence, the emphasis may be on heresy.
Apostasy is a violation of orthodoxy that takes the form of abandonment of the faith, be it for some form of atheism or for some other faith. A lighter deviation from orthodoxy than heresy is commonly called error, in the sense of not being grave enough to cause total estrangement while yet seriously affecting communion. Sometimes error is also used to cover both full heresies and minor errors.
Religion embraces conceptualization of the divine and practice of worship, and adherents of all faiths represent to others how they perceive these things. There is a degree of openness, and an extent to which these elements are non-negotiable, in all religions. Tribal religions may involve cannibalising non-believers, or may be very open to theological discussion; while monotheistic religions adapt themselves to diverse cultures in manifold ways while yet not relinquishing certain precepts. Issues of tolerance and syncretism are distinct; a religion may tolerate another, neither oppressing nor adapting to it; a religion may permit itself to be absorbed into another; a religion may be outwardly intolerant while yet absorbing some teachings from another religion. A religion may be more tolerant of others at a given point in time than at another. These forms of cultural interplay impinge upon the extent to which a religion may or may not appear to maintain a consistent stance concerning its theology and practice.
Various groups have laid claim to the word orthodox as part of their titles, usually in order to differentiate themselves from other, 'heretical' movements. Orthodox Judaism focuses on a strict adherence to what it sees as the correct interpretation of the Oral Torah, dating from the strict reforms instituted under King JosiahJosiah or Yoshiyahu "supported of the LORD", Standard Hebrew Yošiyyahu Tiberian Hebrew Yošiyyh was king of Judah, and son of Amon and Jedidah, the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath. Albright has dated his reign to 640 609 BC, while Thiele offers t in 622/621 BCE. Within Christianity, the term occurs in the Eastern Orthodox, Western OrthodoxWestern Orthodoxy is a strand of Orthodox Christian worship adapted for congregations in traditionally Catholic or Protestant countries. There are certain parishes known as Western Orthodox within Eastern Orthodoxy that follow the rituals of either: the A, and Oriental OrthodoxThe term Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the churches of Eastern Christian traditions that keeps the faith of only the first three ecumenical councils of the undivided Church the councils of Nicea, Constantinople and Ephesus. The Oriental Orthodox churches r churches as well as in ProtestantProtestantism in the strict sense of the word is the group of princes and imperial cities who, at the diet of Speyer in 1529, tried a protestation against the Edict of Worms which forbade the Lutheran teachings within the Holy Roman Empire. From there, th denominationA religious denomination (also: denomination is a large, long-established subgroup within a religion that has been in existence for many years. The term is frequently used to describe the different Christian churches ( Orthodox, Catholic and the many varis like the Orthodox Presbyterian ChurchAlong with Westminster Seminary, the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC) was founded by conservative Presbyterians who revolted against the modernist theology within the Presbyterian Church (USA) (PCUSA) during the 1930s. Led by J Gresham Machen, the churc.
The Eastern Orthodox Churches hearken back to what they see as the original forms of worship; for example, the Nicene CreedThe Nicene Creed or the Icon/Symbol of the Faith is a Christian statement of faith accepted by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and major Protestant churches. It gets its name from the First Council of Nicaea (325), at which it was adopted is used in its form as revised at the First Council of Constantinople in 381, in contrast to the Roman Catholic church, which use the Nicene creed with the addition of the phrase 'and the Son' (see Filioque clause). This emphasis on the use of the original "creed" is shared today by all Eastern Orthodox churches.
The Catholic Church considers the Eastern Orthodox to be in schism and therefore not in full communion with the Holy See. The majority of Eastern Orthodox Christians in turn consider Roman Catholics to be heretics. Confusingly, the term "Western Orthodox" refers to both Eastern-Rite Catholic churches in communion with the Roman See, and to Eastern Orthodox parishes of the Orthodox western rite.
The Catholic Church considers Protestantism to be heresy; some Protestants are mutually hostile, and consider Roman Catholics, and sometimes Eastern Orthodox, to be heretics. In some cases the term apostasy is applied within mutual invectives. The Catholic Church, since the Second Vatican Council, has been working harder to effect rapprochement among diverse forms of Christianity; these efforts have been met with wide-ranging responses. Some religious groups are considered by all of the aforementioned to be unorthodox (or even cults, as they are commonly called in Protestant circles), including Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventists, Unitarians, and adherents of liberal theology in general.
Inside each of these ecclesiastical communities there are issues that correspond to estrangement or refinements of perceived orthodoxy. For example, the Roman See often issues recommendations as to what practices it considers orthodox so as to curb excesses or deficiencies by its prelates. Some evangelicals are pursuing innovations that other, more conservative evangelicals consider unorthodox and term " neo-evangelical," "neo- pentecostal," or "fringe Charismatic."
In English, the term " Oriental Orthodoxy" is sometimes used to refer to non-Chalcedonian eastern Christians, i.e. the Nestorians and Monophysites, though given the big difference in Christology between the two, the term is often used only for the latter. (This distinction between 'eastern' and 'oriental' is impossible in those other languages that use the same word for both.)
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