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To the ancient Greeks, Paideia is "the process of educating man into his true form, the real and genuine human nature." (1) It also means culture. It is the ideals in which the Hellenes formed the world around them and their youth. Since self-government was important to the Greeks, Paideia combined with ethos (habits) made a man good and made him capable as a citizen or a king. (1a) This education was not about learning a trade, or an art which the Greeks called vanavsos (mechanical) unworthy of a citizen, but was about training for liberty (freedom) and nobility (The Beautiful). Paideia is the cultural heritage that is continued through the generations.
"Paideia" is found in the word "Encyclopaedia."
The Greeks considered Paideia to be formed by the aristocratic class, who were said to have intellectuallized their culture and their ideas. The culture and the youth are then 'moulded' to the ideal. The aristocratic ideal is the Kalos Kagathos; "The Beautiful and the Good." This idea is similar to medieval knights, their culture and the English word gentleman.
Greek Paideia is the idea of perfection, of excellence. The Greek mentality was "to always be pre-eminent." Homer records this charge of King Peleus to his son Achilles. This idea is called Arete (paideia). "Arete was the central ideal of all Greek culture." (2) In the Iliad, Homer portrays the excellence of the physicality and courage of the Greeks and Trojans. In the Odyssey, Homer accentuates the excellence of the mind or wit also necessary for winning. Arete is a concommitant of what it meant to be a hero and a necessary component in warfare in order to succeed. It is this ability to "*make his hands keep his head* against enemies, monsters, and dangers of all kinds, and to come out victorious." (3)
This mentality can also be seen in that the Greeks only reproduced and copied the literature that was deemed the 'best.' The Olymipic games and others were products of this mentality. Moreover, this carried over into literature itself with competitions in poetry, tragedy and comedy. 'Arete' was infused in everything the Greeks did.
The Greeks described themselves as "Lovers of Beauty." They were very much attuned to aestheticism. They saw this in nature, and a particular proportion, 1.6 and its reoccurrence in many things. Beauty was not in the superficialities of color, light or shade but in the essence of being which is structure, line and proportion. The Greeks sought this out in all aspects of human endeavor and experience. The Golden Mean is the cultural expression of this principle throughout the Greek paidea, architecture, art, politics and human psychology.
In modern discourse, the German-American classicist Werner Jaeger, in his influential magnum opus Paideia (3 vols. from 1934; see below), uses the concept of Paideia to trace the development of Greek thought and education from Homer to Demosthenes. The concept of Paideia was also used by Mortimer AdlerMortimer Jerome Adler ( December 28, 1902 June 28, 2001) was an American philosopher and author. Adler was born in New York City. After dropping out of high school at age 14, he worked as a copy boy for the New York Sun. Wanting to become a journalist, he in his criticism of contemporary Western educational systemsEducation encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, good judgement and wisdom. One of the fundamental goals of education is to impart culture across the generations (.
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