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Home > Pope Paul VI

He presided over the Catholic Church during most of the Second Vatican Council and played a central role in implementing its decisions.

1 Early Career

Giovanni Montini was born in Sarezzo in ( Brescia province, of a family of local nobility. He entered the seminary to train to become a Catholic priest in 1916 and was ordained a priest in 1920. He studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome and the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. His organisational skills led him to a career in the Curia, the papal civil service. In 1937 he was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI. When Pacelli was elected Pope Pius XII Montini was confirmed in the position under the new Secretary of State. When in 1944 the Secretary of State died, the role was assumed directly by the pope, with Montini working directly under him.

Some of his work in the period remains shrouded in mystery, with claims and counter-claims, most notably concerning his involvement in the diplomatic activities of the VaticanThe term Holy See ( Latin: Sancta Sedes lit. holy seat") refers in a geographic sense to the episcopal see of Rome, of which the Pope is the ordinary i. the diocesan bishop); in canon law, the terms Holy See and Apostolic See refer to the Pope ("Roman Pon during the conflict. For example, the Vatican's repeated contacts with Count Galeazzo CianoGaleazzo Ciano, Count of Cortellazzo ( March 18, 1903 January 11, 1944), was Benito Mussolini's Foreign Minister and son-in-law. Galeazzo was the son of Costanzo Ciano, a veteran of World War I and one of founding fascists. Ciano was born in Livorno., fascistBenito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo , capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. The name comes from fascia which may mea Minister of Foreign affairs and son-in-law of Mussolini, remains an issue of some criticism. Montini, who worked as a diplomat, has been accused of having obtained from the Fascists, at the beginning of the war, some promises of uncleared advantages for the Vatican, in exchange of its eventual support. However many other historians dispute this analysis. Those events, and the suspicion of secret treaties between the Vatican and Nazi GermanyThe Federal Republic of Germany ( German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland is one of the world's leading industrialized countries, located in the middle of the European Union. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark and the Baltic Sea, to the east, was the subject of a "historical drama" (Der Stellvertreter) by Rolf HochhuthRolf Hochhuth (born April 1, 1931) is a German author. Hochhuth is best known for his 1963 drama Der Stellvertreter. Ein christliches Trauerspiel The Deputy, a Christian tragedy , a controversial work because of its criticism of Pope Pius XII, but acknowl, in which the behaviour of Pope Pius XII and his Curia, which included Montini, was criticised. Montini, however, challenged both the factual accuracy and the interpretation placed on established facts by Hochhuth.

The unique complexity of the war-time period saw Montini procure large sums of money to aid European Jews, while also alleged having been involved in enabling some leading Nazi officers to escape the collapse of the Third Reich. Formally a simple administrative employee of the Vatican government, but effectively the closest supporter of Pius XII, he has often been recognised as one of the most important political figures of the period. No official confirmation exists, but evidence indicates that he (along with Alcide De Gasperi) attempted to set up a channel of communication between Crown Princess Maria José (daughter-in-law of the King of Italy and wife of the Prince of Piedmont, Umberto) and the United States, in order to find a separate peace for Italy with the United States; the Princess however was not able to meet Myron Taylor, Roosevelt's special representative in Vatican, and no one knows if Montini was unable to organise this meeting or unwilling to do so.

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