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The Peasants' War (in German, der Deutsche Bauernkrieg) of 1524- 26 in Germany consisted, like the preceding Bundschuh movement and the Hussite Wars, of a mass of economic as well as religious revolts by peasants, townsfolk and nobles. The movement possessed no common programme.
The conflict, which took place mostly in southern, western and central areas of Germany but also affected areas now in neighbouring Switzerland and Austria, involved at its height in the spring and summer of 1525 an estimated 300,000 peasant insurgents: contemporary estimates put the dead at 100,000.
The war was in part an expression of the religious upheaval known as the Reformation, during which critics of the privileges and alleged corruption of the Roman Catholic Church challenged the prevailing religious and political order.
But it also reflected deep-seated social discontents: peasant dissatisfaction with the power of local lords; the desire of city leaders for freedom from ecclesiastical or princely rulers; tensions within the towns between the masses and urban elites, and rivalries within the nobility itself.
The peasant movement ultimately failed as cities and nobles made their own peace with the princely armies which restored the old order in often still harsher form under the nominal overlordship of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, represented in German affairs by his younger brother Ferdinand.
The religious dissident Martin LutherFor other people named Martin Luther see: Martin Luther (disambiguation Martin Luther (originally Martin Luder ( November 10, 1483 February 18, 1546) was a German theologian of the Christian religion and an Augustinian monk whose teachings inspired the Pr, already condemned as a heretic by the 1521Events January 3 Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther. January 28 Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25. March 6 Ferdinand Magellan discovers Guam. March 16 Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines. April 7 Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu. Edict of WormsThe Edict of Worms was issued by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on May 25, 1521 at Worms, at the end of the Diet of Worms. It contained a condemnation of Martin Luther and declared him to be an outlaw and a heretic for his opposition to the doctrines of th and accused at the time of fomenting the strife, rejected the demands of the insurgents and upheld the right of Germany's rulers to suppress the uprisings, but his former follower Thomas MüntzerThomas Muentzer (or Muntzer, Munzer ( 1489 or 1490 27 May 1525) was an early Reformation-era German pastor. He was born in the small village of Stolberg in the Hartz Mountains. Thomas Muentzer initially studied for the priesthood, earning the MA degree an came to the fore as a radical agitator in ThuringiaState Service Flag Civil Flag Statistics Capital: Erfurt Area:16,171 km² Inhabitants:2 392 000 2003 pop. density:148 people/km² Homepage: ISO 3166-2:DE-TH Politics Minister-President: Dieter Althaus ( CDU) Ruling party: CDU Map The Free State of Thuringia.
On December 27December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. 362nd in a leap year). There are 4 days remaining. Events 1703 Portugal and England sign the Methuen Treaty which gives preference to Portuguese imported wines into England. 1831 Charles, 1521Events January 3 Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther. January 28 Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25. March 6 Ferdinand Magellan discovers Guam. March 16 Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines. April 7 Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu., three "prophets", influenced by and in turn influencing Thomas Müntzer, appeared in WittenbergWittenberg officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg is a town in Germany, in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, at 12°59' east, 51°51' north. It has a population of about 50,000 inhabitants. Wittenberg is interesting chiefly on account of its close connection with Ma from ZwickauZwickau is a city of Germany, in the Bundesland Saxony (Sachsen), situated in a pleasant valley at the foot of the Erzgebirge, on the left bank of the Zwickauer Mulde, 82 miles southwest of Dresden, south of Leipzig and south west of Chemnitz. Population:: Thomas Dreschel, Nicolas Storch and Mark Thomas Stübner. Luther's reform was not thorough enough for them. Like the Roman Catholic Church, Luther practiced infant baptism, which the Anabaptists considered to be "neither scriptural nor primitive, nor fulfilling the chief conditions of admission into a visible brotherhood of saints, to wit, repentance, faith, spiritual illumination and free surrender of self to Christ."
Reformist theologian and Luther associate Philipp Melanchthon, powerless against the enthusiasts with whom his co-reformer Andreas Karlstadt sympathized, appealed to Luther, still concealed in the Wartburg. Luther was cautious not to condemn the new doctrine off-hand, but advised Melanchthon to treat them gently and to prove their spirits, lest they be of God. There was confusion in Wittenberg, where schools and university sided with the "prophets" and were closed. Hence the charge that Anabaptists were enemies of learning, which is sufficiently rebutted by the fact that the first German translation of the Hebrew prophets was made and printed by two of them, Hetzer and Denck, in 1527. The first leaders of the movement in Zürich -- Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, Balthasar Hubmaier -- were men learned in Greek, Latin and Hebrew.
On the 6th of March Luther returned, interviewed the prophets, scorned their "spirits", forbade them the city, and had their adherents ejected from Zwickau and Erfurt. Denied access to the churches, the latter preached and celebrated the sacrament in private houses. Driven from the cities they swarmed over the countryside. Compelled to leave Zwickau, Müntzer visited Bohemia, resided two years at Alltstedt in Thuringia, and in 1524 spent some time in Switzerland. During this period he proclaimed his revolutionary doctrines in religion and politics with growing vehemence, and, so far as the lower orders were concerned, with growing success.
In its origin a revolt against feudal oppression, it became, under the leadership of Müntzer, a war against all constituted authorities, and an attempt to establish by force his ideal Christian commonwealth, with absolute equality and the community of goods. The total defeat of the insurgents at Frankenhausen ( May 15, 1525), followed as it was by the execution of Müntzer and several other leaders, proved only a temporary check to the Anabaptist movement. Here and there throughout Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands there were zealous propagandists, through whose teaching many were prepared to follow as soon as another leader should arise.
Adapted from the German Wikipedia article.
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