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Pedro Luiz Napoleão Chernoviz (Piotr Napoleon Czerniewicz, 1812- 1882), was a medical doctor, Polish immigrant to Brazil in the early 19th century, who together with 45 other professionals (engineers, geologists, naturalists, et cetera) requested political asylum, ostracised for their participation, and failure, in the insurrection for the independence of Poland in 1830-31. Chernoviz lived in Basil until 1855, he managed a very successful medical praxis in Rio de Janeiro, he was one of the founders of the Academy of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro [1], Cavaleiro da Ordem de Cristo (Knight of Christ's Order) and Oficial da Ordem da Rosa (Officer of the Rose's Order).

Chernoviz alternated his praxis with the writing and publication of several popular medical and sciences books which had enormous success throughout Latin America, amongst them:

Formulário e Guia Médico (Prescription and Medical Guide), first published by in Rio de Janeiro in 1841, reprinted and re-edited numerous times until 1927. The first edition was a single volume with less than 1.000 pages, the second printing of the 19th edition in 1927 Had two volumes and together more than 4.000 pages.

Diccionário de Medicina Popular e das Ciências Acessórias para Uso das Famílias (Popular Medicine and Complementary Sciences Dictionary for Family Use), in two volumes, I with 471 and II with 488 pages, also published in Rio de Janeiro in 1842/1843. The sixth and last edition in Portuguese was in 1890 also in two volumes with a total of more than 2.500 pages

Historia Natural para Meninos e Meninas (Natural History for Boys and Girls).

The sixth edition of the Diccionário de Medicina Popular was translated into Spanish in 1894. Chernoviz's books were initially printed in Rio de Janeiro by a Brazilian subsidiary of Edouard & Henri Laemmert, a Paris printer. Beginning with the 11th edition of the Formulário, and the 6th of the Diccionário, all printing was done in Paris by A. Roger y F. Chernoviz. This last person seems to have been his son Fernando.

The design, layout, style and illustrations of Chernoviz's books resemble those favoured in Europe at the time. The medical books, were beautifully illustrated with fine high quality engravings. The texts included precise descriptions of organs and diseases, several choices of formulae of the appropriate medicaments, their dosage, mode use and a plethora of additional useful information, all written in a clear concise and elegant language, considering his primary readers. The pharmacopoeia was not limited to chemical preparations, it made extensive use of Brazilian indigenous plants. Both works are frequently quoted today by ethno-biologists and medicine researchers. However, very little is known about his work methods: records, filing system, data retrieval and so on at a time when not even the typewriters existed. Very little is known about his reasons for leaving Brazil or his family history.

References:

Poloneses no Brasil. História, cultura, personalidades, contribuçoes. Embaixada de Polonia. http://www.polonia.org.br/expoi/inicio.htm

Joffre M. de Rezende. 2002. Linguagem médica, 2. ed. com autorização da editora CEGRAF da Universidade Federal de Goiás. http://usuarios.cultura.com.br/jmrezende/diccionarios.htm

Figueiredo, B. G.: ‘Barbeiros e cirurgiões: atuação dos práticos ao longo do século XIX’. História, Ciências, Saúde — Manguinhos, VI(2): 277-91, jul.-out. 1999. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php

Paula S A Moraes, MD and Ernesto A Taketomi, MD, PhD. 2000. Allergic vulvovaginitis. Annals of Allergy, Athsma & Inmunology. Volume 85, October 2000. [Article cites Pedro Luiz Napoleon Chernoviz: 89. Chernoviz PLN. Flores brancas. In: Chernoviz PLN ed. Diccionario de Medicina Popular e das Sciencias Acssessorias—Para uso das familias. Quinta edic(a˜o. Pariz: A Roger & F Chernoviz; 1878:1154.] http://www.geocities.com/nclmartins/Artigos/AllergicVulvovaginitis.pdf

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