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Minnan is one of the sub-languages of the Chinese language and is mainly spoken in southern Fujian and Taiwan. It is also spoken by many overseas Chinese in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines and Indonesia, and is known in Southeast Asia as "Hokkien" (福建話; pinyin Fújiàn huà; Minnan: Hok4-kien3-oa7). Strictly speaking, it should be known as Southern Hokkien to distinguish it from Minbei (Northern Min), the language of Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian province.
In particular, Penang Hokkien is based on the dialect of Minnan spoken in the ZhangzhouZhangzhou is a prefecture-level city, located in the Fujian province of China. Administration Changtai Dongshan Huaan Longhai Longwen Nanjing Pinghe Xiangcheng Yunxiao Zhangpu Zhaoan Colleges and universities Zhangzhou Normal College minnan:Chiang-chiu. (漳州 Hokkien: Chiang1-chiu1) prefecture of Fujian. It is said that it most closely resembles the dialect spoken in Longhai (龍海 Hokkien: Liong5-hai2) county, around the city of Haicheng (海澄 Hokkien: Hai2-teng5). In Southeast Asia, similar dialects are spoken in the states bordering Penang, and in MedanMedan is the capital city of the Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra) province of Indonesia. It is located in the north of the province and has a nearby harbour, Belawan, and international airport. Officially Medan's birthdate is the 1st July 1590. Demographic and Port KlangPort Klang (in Malay Pelabuhan Klang is the main port of Malaysia, located in the district of Klang in state of Selangor. It serves the Klang Valley including the federal capital Kuala Lumpur and federal administrative capital Putrajaya. Port Klang was or.
The tones in Penang Hokkien are:
The numbers in | | reflect the tone contours, with 5 being the highest and 1 the lowest.
As in the Xiamen (Amoy) standard, the Shangsheng is not distinguished into Yin and Yang, and there is thus no 6th tone. However, as in the Zhangzhou dialect the two Qu tones are virtually identical, except in their sandhi forms.
Like in other Minnan dialects, the tone of a syllable in Penang Hokkien depends on where in a phrase or sentence the relevant syllable is placed. For example, the word 牛 gu5 is pronounced with a rising |25| tone, but when it is placed in front of another syllable in 牛肉 gu5-bah4 is pronounced with to a low |21| tone.
The rules which apply when a syllable is placed in front of a connected syllable in standard Minnan, simply put, are as follows:
For more detailed rules on Minnan tone sandhi, see Taiwanese (linguistics).
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