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Pessimism, generally, describes a belief that things are bad, and tend to become worse; or that looks to the eventual triumph of evil over good; it contrasts with optimism, the contrary belief in the goodness and betterment of things generally. Philosophical pessimism describes a tendency to believe that the life has a negative value, or that this world is as bad as it could possibly be. In particular, it most famously describes the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer's pessimism comes from his elevating of Will above reason as the mainspring of human thought and behaviour. Schopenhauer pointed to motivators such as hunger, sexuality, the need to care for children, and the need for shelter and personal security as the real sources of human motivation. Reason, compared to these factors, is mere window-dressing for human thoughts; it is the clothes our naked hungers put on when they go out in public. Schopenhauer sees reason as weak and insignificant compared to Will; in one metaphor, Schopenhauer compares reason to a lame man who can see, who rides on the shoulders of the blind giant of Will.
Likening human life to the life of other animals, he saw the reproductive cycle as indeed a cyclical process that continues pointlessly and indefinitely, unless the chain is broken by too limited resources to make continued life possible, in which case it is terminated by extinction. The prognosis of either pointlessly continuing the cycle of life or facing extinction is one major leg of Schopenhauer's pessimism.
Schopenhauer moreover considers the desires of the will to entail suffering: because they are desires; because their objects are always limited resources; because other living things must be excluded from those resources. The business of biological life is a war of all against all. Reason makes us suffer all the more, in that reason makes us realize that biology's agenda is something we would not have chosen if we had a choice, but is helpless to prevent us from serving it, or allow us to escape the sting of its goad (compare this to the role of desire in Buddhism).
The term has also been used to describe the position of the Norwegian philosopher Peter Wessel ZapffePeter Wessel Zapffe ( December 18 1899- October 12 1990) was a Norwegian author and philosopher. He was born in Tromso and was well known for his somewhat pessimistic view of human existence. His basic thoughts about the error of human existence are prese, although he clearly states in his philosophical treatise Om det tragiske that pessimism is a term which cannot describe his biosophyBiosophy is a term founded by writer and philosopher Peter Wessel Zapffe (1899-1990), who used biology as the foundation of his philosophy. Zapffe first set out his ideas in Den sidste Messias (en. The Last Messiah (1933); later a more systematic defence.
See also
- MoodA person's mood is a sustained affective state, consisting of a combination of emotions. In normal functioning, moods are largely adaptive to external events. A mood disorder (such as clinical depression) is a pronounced maladaptive mood. Similarly, seaso
- Optimism
- The problem of evilIn the philosophy of religion, the problem of evil is the problem of reconciling the existence of evil or suffering in the world with the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent God (the so-called Epicurean paradox). In Essais de Theodicee
- TheodicyTheodicy is a branch of theology that studies how the existence of a good or benevolent God is reconciled with the existence of evil. An attempt to reconcile the co-existence of evil and God is sometimes called "a theodicy". See the article on the problem
EpistemologyEpistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. Definition of knowledge Justified true belief Plato's Theaetetus''. defined knowledge as justified true belief. One implication of this definition is that
