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Development of medication is a vital concern to medicine, but also has strong economical and political implications. To protect the consumer and prevent abuse, many governments regulate the sale and administration of medication. In the United States, the main regulatory body is the Food and Drug Administration thru its publication of the USP.
Pharmacology as a science is practiced by pharmacologists. A pharmacist is, in most countries, a university-schooled professional in pharmacy - drug dispensation and safety. Clinical pharmacology is the medical field of pharmacology; it mainly concerns poisoning and complex problems of medication.
The study of medicinal chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected. With the knowledge of cell biology and biochemistry increasing, the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially. It has become possible, through molecular analysis of enzymes, to design chemicals that act on specific molecular pathway s.
A chemical has, from the pharmacological point-of-view, various properties. PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to the determination of the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. In practice, this discipline is applied mainly to drug substances, though in principle it concerns itself w is its fate (e.g. its half-lifeThis article describes the scientific meaning. For the computer game, see Half-Life''. For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. Quantities subject to exponential and volume of distribution ) in the organism, and pharmacodynamicsPharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect. Pharmacodynamics is the study of what a drug does to the body, as opposed to is its mode of action and potential toxicity.
When describing the pharmacokinetic properties of a chemical, a pharmacologist employs the ADMEADME is short for absorption, distribution, metabolization/ metabolism and excretion and describes the effectiveness of a pharmaceutical compound within an organism. The four criteria are all critical with respect to the success of the compound as a drug: principle:
Medication is said to have a narrow or wide therapeutic margin or therapeutic window. Those with a narrow window are more difficult to dose and administer, and may require therapeutic drug monitoringTherapeutic drug monitoring is a branch of clinical chemistry that specialises in the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a small therapeutic margin, i. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed. In pharmacology, (examples are warfarinWarfarin (also known under the brand name Coumadin ) is an anticoagulant medication that can be given orally. Normally, vitamin K is converted to vitamin K epoxide in the liver. This epoxide is then reduced by the enzyme epoxide reductase. The reduced for, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics).
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