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Pierre Claude François Daunou ( August 18, 1761 - June 20, 1840) was a French statesman and historian. He was born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, and after a brilliant career in the school of the Oratorians there, joined the order in Paris in 1777. He was professor in various seminaries from 1780 till 1787, when he was ordained. He was already known in literary circles by several essays and poems, when the revolution opened a wider career. He threw himself with ardour into the struggle for liberty, and refused to be silenced in his advocacy of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy by the offer of high office in the church. Elected to the Convention by Pas-de-Calais, he associated himself with the Girondists, but strongly opposed the death sentence on King Louis XVI of France. He took little part in the struggle against the MountainFor the television series The Mountain see The Mountain (television series). The Mountain (in French La Montagne refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group, whose members, called Montagnards sat on the highest bench, but was involved in the overthrow of his friends, and was imprisoned for a year.
In December 1794Events February 11 1st session of US Senate open to the public. March 14 Eli Whitney is granted a patent for the cotton gin. March 27 The United States Government established a permanent United States Navy and authorized the building of six vessels (in 17 he returned to the Convention, and was the principal author of the Constitution of the Year III. It seems to have been due to his Girondist ideas that the Council of the AncientsThe Council of the Ancients was one of two chambers in the French republican legislature established in 1795 under Napoleon by the Constitution of Year III. were given the right of convoking the corps législatif outside Paris, an expedient which made possible Napoleon's coup d'étatA coup d'etat ( IPA: /ku deit/), often simply called a coup is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. It is different from a revolution, which is staged by a larger group and radically of 18 Brumaire18 Brumaire the coup of 18 Brumaire or sometimes simply Brumaire refers to the coup d'etat by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to replace it by the Consulate. This occurred on November 9, 1799, which was 18 Brumai. Daunou was also responsible for the creation of the Institut de France: he drew up the plan for its organization. His energy was largely responsible for the suppression of the royalist insurrection of the 13th Vendémiaire, and the important place he occupied at the beginning of the Directory is indicated by the fact that he was elected by twenty-seven departments as member of the Council of Five Hundred, and became its first president. He had himself set the age qualification of the directors at forty, and thus debarred himself as candidate, as he was only thirty-four.
The direction of affairs having passed into the hands of Talleyrand and his associates, Daunou turned once more to literature, but in 1798 he was sent to Rome to organize the republic there, and again, almost against his will, he lent his aid to Napoleon in the preparation of the Constitution of the Year VIII. His attitude towards Napoleon was not lacking in independence, but in this controversy with the pope, the emperor was able again to secure from him the learned treatise Sur la puissance temporelle du Pape (1809). Still he took little part in the new imperial régime, with which at heart he had no sympathy, and turned more and more to literature. At the Restoration he was deprived of the post of archivist of the empire, which he had held from 1807, but from 1819 to 1830 (when he again became archivist of the kingdom) he held the chair of history and ethics at the College de France, and his courses were among the most famous of that age of public lectures. During the reign of Louis Philippe he received many honours. In 1839 he was made a peer.
In politics Daunou was a Girondist without combativeness; a confirmed republican, who lent himself always to the policy of conciliation, but whose probity remained unchallenged. He belonged essentially to the centre, and lacked both the genius and the temperament which would secure for him a commanding place in a revolutionary era. As an historian his breadth of view is remarkable for his time; for although thoroughly imbued with the classical spirit of the 18th century, he was able to do justice to the middle ages. His Discours sur l'état des lettres au XIII' siècle, in the sixteenth volume of the Histoire littéraire de France, is a remarkable contribution to that vast collection, especially as coming from an author so profoundly learned in the ancient classics.
Daunou's lectures at the College de France, collected and published after his death, fill twenty volumes (Cours d'études historiques, 1842-1846). They deal principally with the criticism of sources and the proper method of writing history, and occupy an important place in the evolution of the scientific study of history in France. All his works were written in an elegant style; but apart from his share in the editing of the Historiens de la France, they were mostly in the form of separate articles on literary and historical subjects. In character, Daunou was reserved and somewhat austere, preserving in his habits a strange mixture of bourgeois and monk. His indefatigable work as archivist in the time when Napoleon was transferring so many treasures to Paris won him the gratitude of later scholars.
