 |
Business | Industries | Finance | Tax |
| Index: > A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
|
|||||
A pipe organ is a keyboard instrument that makes sound by forcing air through large wood or metal pipes. Pipe organs are commonly found in churches and there is a large repertoire of religious music for the pipe organ. Many composers, famously including the Baroque composer Johann Sebastian Bach, have written extensively for the pipe organ. Music written specifically for the pipe organ is common from the Renaissance to the present day; north Germany is particularly notable for having produced many composers for the instrument.
Pipe organs are complex musical instrumentA musical instrument is a device that has been constructed or modified with the purpose of making music. In principle, anything that somehow produces sound can serve as a musical instrument, but the expression is reserved generally to items that have thats, with hundreds or thousands of pipes of varying size and pitchIn music, pitch refers to the perception of the frequency of a note. For example, the A above middle C is nowadays set at (often written as "A 440 Hz", and known as concert pitch , although this has not always been the case (see #Historical pitch standard. Controls on the console of the organ called stopsAn organ stop is any of the characteristic sounds timbres available on a pipe organ. A particular stop is usually selected by pulling a knob (also called a stop by the side of the keyboard. Stops have particular names according to the kind of pipes used t select which pipes are used; different combinations of stops can change the timbreIn music, timbre is the quality of a musical note which distinguishes different types of musical instrument. See also: formant of speech, singing, and musical instruments. This is why, with a little practice, you can pick out the saxophone from the trumpe of the instrument considerably. Many pipe organs are mammoth instruments that are part of the church building itself.
Pipes may be classifiedVariations of Timbre in Organ Pipes The distinctive tone colors of the individual pipes of an organ are afected by many variables, including: Flue pipes # Scaling # Material # Metal # Wood # Shape of the pipe # Open # # Cylindrical/Quadrangular # # Tapere in a number of different ways: by the material they are made of (wood or metal), by the mechanism of sound production (flue pipes vs. reed pipes, also called labial and lingual), by the shape of the pipe, and by the construction of the ends (open or closed). Each variationVariations of Timbre in Organ Pipes The distinctive tone colors of the individual pipes of an organ are afected by many variables, including: Flue pipes # Scaling # Material # Metal # Wood # Shape of the pipe # Open # # Cylindrical/Quadrangular # # Tapere results in a different timbre.Because a pipe produces only one pitch at a time, ideally there is at least one pipe for each controlling key or pedal. (Occasionally some pipes, especially in the bass, to save space or material, are rigged to provide multiple pitches like big recorderThis article is about the musical instrument, not about devices for recording sound, visual, and other information; for the latter, see tape recorder, video cassette recorder, flight data recorder ("black box"), camcorder. The recorder is a flute-like woos: this method was employed especially by a few builders in the early 20th century19th century 20th century 21st century more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901- 2000 in the sense of the Gre.) Thus, a keyboardThe musical keyboard also known as the piano keyboard is the set of adjacent depressible levers on a musical instrument which produce notes. Many musical instruments which have a key for each note lay them out in the standard way shown in the graphic: the with 61 notes should have 61 pipes. A complete set of pipes producing different pitches of one timbre is called a rank.
The pitch produced is a function of the length of the pipe, and many timbres are associated with ranks pitched some multiple of octaves apart: thus an organ stop may have similar names with the addition of a length in feet indicating the pitch: a 16' stop produces pitches an octave below that of an 8' stop, an 8' stop produces pitches an octave below that of an 4' stop, and a 4' stop produces pitches an octave below that of an 2' stop. Non-integral lengths (e.g. 2 2/3') are also quite widespread; these mutations produce sounds at pitch intervals other than octaves, and are generally used to provide colourful effects. This works by reinforcing certain partials of the overtone series of a fundamental; normally these mutation stops would not be played by themselves.
Some timbres require more than one pipe per key. This is often reflected in the name given to the stop as a Roman numeral: thus a stop called "Cornet V" on a 61 note manual (this is the usual number on U.S. organs) would have 5 × 61 = 305 pipes.
In some organs the extreme bass stops in the pedal department, usually represented by 32' or 64', may not contain "genuine" sounding pipes. This is usually for practical reasons such as cost or space, which may prohibit the provision of very large pipes. In such cases the sound is approximated by using harmonics. For example, a note on a 32' stop can be approximated by combining the equivalent 16' note with the note a fifth above it (known as a "quint"). The resultant beat frequency gives a passable impression of a 32' note. The effect is less good (and less necessary) for higher pitches where the ear's frequency response is better.
The pipe organ has at least one keyboard, with 2-5 keyboards being the most common configuration. Each keyboard is called a "manual", so that an organ with four keyboards is said to have four manuals. Most pipe organs also have a set of keys played by the feet called "pedals". The manuals, pedals and stop controls are gathered together in a functional piece of furniture called a "console".
From the time of the organ's invention by the ancient Greeks until the 19th century, pipes were originally located within a cabinet or "case", with the console and related mechanism built in. The valves under the pipes, called pallets, were connected by mechanical linkages to the keys, so that the organist's fingers actually provided the energy to open the pallets. This system is known as "mechanical (or "tracker") key action".
With the invention of electrical and pneumatic control systems in the late 19th century, organ pipes were often located remotely from the console in special rooms called chambers. In the 1920s and '30s, there was a revival of interest in historic organs, and organ builders once again began building organs with mechanical action. Today, both electric action and mechanical action pipe organs are built.
The largest pipe organ ever built, containing more than 32,000 pipes, is the Main Auditorium Organ in Atlantic City Convention Hall , built by the Midmer-Losh Organ Company between 1929 and 1932. The second largest, with over 28,000 pipes, is the Grand Court Organ at Wanamaker's department store (now Lord and Taylor) in Philadelphia.
Electronic organs such as the Hammond Organ were originally developed as imitations of pipe organs.Notable organ builders:
Pipe Organs are related with the Gothic culture of the middle ages, and especially with Gothic cathedrals. In modern music, pipe organ sound (most often produced by electronic organ) are sometimes used by goth metal bands.
| Politics | Business | Finance |
 |
 |
 |
|