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Polish communities were inherited from Imperial Russia after the creation of the Soviet Union. After World War I, Poland became an independent country, and its secession was finalized by the Peace of Riga in 1921 at the end of the Polish-Soviet War, which left significant territories populated by Poles within the Soviet Union. Initially, the Poles were given 2 Polish Autonomous Districts, one in Belarus and one in Ukraine. The first one was named Dzierzynszczyzna, after Felix Dzierzynski; the second was named Marchlewszczyzna after Julian Marchlewski. Following the collectivization of agriculture under Joseph StalinIosif (Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin ( Russian: Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin , original name Ioseb Jughashvili ( Georgian: Russian: Iosif Dzhugashvili see Other names section ( December 21 [ December 9, Old Style], 1879 1 March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik rev, both autonomies were abolished and their populations were subsequently deported to KazakhstanKazakhstan ( Kazakh: #x49A;қ Qazaqstan Russian: Kazakhstan , also spelled Kazakstan is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Asia and a former republic of the now extinct USSR. It has borders with Russia, the People's Republic of China, and in 1934-1938. Huge numbers of people some (400,000 by some estimates) perished during the deportation and after, since the deported were moved to sparsely populated areas, unprepared for migration, lacking basic facilities for survival (medical, housing, etc.), and left there on their own.
In addition, a significant population of Poles was present in RussiaThe Russian Federation ( Russian: , transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija , or Russia (Russian: , transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija , is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. With proper, exiled to SiberiaSiberia ( Russian: , common English transliterations: Sibir Sibir' is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan, constituting all of northern Asia, and extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and southward from the Arctic Oc after Polish uprisingsThis is a list of Polish uprisings . The Polish concept of uprising is derived from the system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where the citizens were supposed to play an important role in the governing of the country. Unsatisfied citizens were all. (See History of PolandThe people of Poland took pride in their long history, filled with the struggle to get, keep, and regain freedom—the main value for Poles. Poles founded one of the first parliamentary systems in the world, invented the idea that pagans share the same huma.)
In addition to the deportation of the Poles (the first recorded deportation of a whole ethnic group in the USSR, see Polish operation of the NKVDPolish operation of the NKVD refers to the coordinated actions of NKVD in 1937- 1938 according to the NKVD Order no. 00485 " , , " ("On measures to protect the USSR from penetration of spying, terrorist and diversion elements"), approved on August 9, 1937), the Polish Communist Party was also decimated following the Great Purge and was eventually closed in 1938.
During World War II, the Soviet Union occupied vast areas of eastern Poland (so called Kresy), and another 5.2-6.5 million Poles (from the total population of about 13,5 million of these territories) were added. Some claim that as many as 1.7 million of Poles were later deported to far away territories of USSR, such as Siberia. Other historians give a much lower estimation, about half a million of Poles murdered and deported.
On March 30 2004, the head of the Archival Service of Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, general Vasili Khristoforov gave final exact numbers of deported Poles. According to him, in 1940 exactly 297,280 Poles were deported, in June 1940 another 40,000.
The following are cases of direct murders of Poles during the 1939-1941 occupation:
After World War II most Poles from Kresy were expelled into Poland, but officially 1.3 million stayed in the USSR. Some of them were motivated by the traditional Polish belief that one day they would become again lawful owners of the land they lived on. Some of them were kept forcefully in. There are reasons to believe that those expelled were more happy than those who stayed.
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