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| Ponerinae Subfamily | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Ponerini several others. |
Ponerinae is a subfamily of ants, which includes species such as the Bullet Ant.
The traditional subfamily Ponerinae has recently been divided up into several subfamilies, with several former tribes now elevated to subfamily rank by the British myrmecologist Barry Bolton ("Synopsis and classification of Formicidae". Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71: 370pp. 2003).
Bolton's careful analysis shows that some ponerine groups may be more closely related to other subfamilies than to each other.
Bolton's subfamilies of "poneromorph" Formicidae include :
Long considered primitive on the basis of retention of a typical hymenopteran stingSting can mean: In biology a sting is the part of a number of animals, such as wasps, bees and scorpions, that delivers a poison when used to pierce the skin of another animal. In law enforcement a sting operation is an operation designed to catch a perso and pupaChrysalis of Gulf Fritillary Georgetown, South Carolina A pupa (plural: pupae or pupas is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage only occurs in insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis. It follows the larval stage ae in cocoons, some groups among the poneromorphs exhibit considerable specialization in predatory habits and mandibular form.
These two evolutionary developments are often, but not necessarily, seen in association : enlongated mandibles with modified teeth for handling large and potentially toxic prey in Amblyopone and Thaumatomyrmex , and strongly modified "snap-jaws" and associated musculature in the generalized predator Odontomachus .
Most poneromorphs appear to have lost the taste for sweets (nectar, fruit) typical of adult stinging Hymenoptera, and this should probably also be considered an evolutionary "advancement". Foraging for extrafloral nectar and honeydew from Homoptera has been retained in Ectatomminae and Paraponerinae, but was perhaps secondarily re-acquired in Odontomachus of the Ponerinae.
Ants Subfamilies of the Formicidae| Politics | Business | Finance |
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