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Clement VII, né Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici ( 1478 - September 25, 1534) was pope from 1523 to 1534. This pope was an illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici, who was assassinated in the Pazzi Conspiracy against the Medici; he was thus the nephew of Lorenzo de' Medici and cousin of Pope Leo X. Upon the latter's accession to the Papacy, Giulio became his principal minister and confidant, especially in the maintenance of the Medici interest at Florence. At Leo's death, Cardinal Medici, though unable to gain the Papacy for himself or his ally Alessandro Farnese, took a leading part in determining the unexpected election of Pope Adrian VIAdrian VI (also known as Hadrian VI , born Adrian Dedel ( 1459 September 14, 1523), pope from 1522 to 1523, was born at Utrecht in March 1459, and studied under the Brethren of the Common Life either at Zwolle or Deventer. At Louvain he pursued philosophy, to whom he succeeded in the next conclave (November 1523). He brought to the Papal throne a high reputation for political ability, and possessed in fact all the accomplishments of a wily diplomatist, but the circumstances of the times required a man of a far different mold.
His worldliness and lack of insight into the tendencies of his age disqualified him from comprehending the great religious movement which then convulsed the church; while his timidity and indecision no less disabled him from following a consistent policy in secular affairs.
At first attached to the interests of the Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire ( German: Heiliges Romisches Reich was a political conglomeration of lands in western and central Europe in the Middle Ages. Emerging from the eastern part of the Frankish realm after its division in the Treaty of Verdun ( 843), it l, he was terrified by the overwhelming success of Emperor Charles VCharles ( February 24, 1500 September 21 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V from 1519- 1558; he was also King of Spain from 1516- 1556, officially as Charles I of Spain although often referred to as Charles V ("Carlos Quinto" or "Carlos V") in Spa in the battle of PaviaThis article is about the battle in 1525. For the battle of Pavia fought by Charlemagne, see Battle of Pavia (773 In 1525 during The Battle of Pavia Charles V (1500-1558), The Holy Roman Emperor, defeated Francis I (1494-1547), King of France, taking him into joining the other Italian princes in a league with France. This policy in itself was sound and patriotic, but Clement's zeal soon cooled; by his want of foresight and unseasonable economy he laid himself open to an attack from the turbulent Roman barons, which obliged him to invoke the mediation of the Emperor. When this danger seemed over he veered back to his former engagements, and ended by drawing down upon himself the imperialist host, eventually uncertainly led by Charles, Duke of Bourbon, who, compelled to satisfy his clamorous mercenaries by pillage, embraced the opportunity of leading them against Rome.
Rome was assaulted and sacked on May 6May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). There are 239 days remaining. Events 1527 Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. 1682 Louis XIV of France moves his court to V, 1527Events January 5 Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, was drowned in the Limmat River in Zurich by the Zurich Reformed state church. May 6 Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome (the infamous Sacco di Roma), forcing Pop, and Clement, who had displayed no more resolution in his military than in his political conduct, was shortly afterwards obliged to surrender himself together with the castle of Sant' AngeloThe Castel Sant'Angelo is a building in Rome with a long and chequered past. Originally it was built under the Roman Empire in the 2nd century by emperor Hadrian as a funerary monument. In the Middle Ages it was converted into a major fortification, altho, where he had taken refuge. After six months captivity he was released upon very onerous conditions, and for some years subsequently followed a policy of subserviency to the Emperor, endeavouring on the one hand to induce him to act with severity against the Lutherans in Germany, and on the other to elude his demands for a general council. Meanwhile, in Florence, Republican enemies of the Medici took advantage of the chaos to once again expel the family from the city.
Two years later, peace was made between the Papal and Imperial factions, and as part of the deal Charles V agreed to restore the Medici to power in Florence. In 1530, after an 11-month siege the city capitulated, and Clement VII installed his illegitimate son Alessandro as Duke.
One momentous consequence of this dependence on Charles was the breach with England occasioned by Clement's refusal in 1533, justifiable in point of principle, but dictated by no higher motive than his fear of offending the emperor, to sanction Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon; this ultimately resulted in the establishment of the independent Church of England.
Towards the end of his reign Clement once more gave indications of a leaning towards a French alliance, which was prevented by his death in September 1534. As a man he possessed few virtues and few vices; as a pontiff he did nothing to disgrace the church and nothing to restore its lustre; his adroitness and dexterity as a statesman were counteracted by his suspicion and irresolution; his administration affords a proof that at eventful crises of the world's history mediocrity of character is more disastrous than mediocrity of talent.
| Preceded by Adrian VI | Pope ( list) | Succeeded by Paul III |
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