Non User
Index: > A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z	Business Non User Industries Finance Tax

Home > Pope Nicholas II

He was set up by Hildebrand, with the support of the empress-regent Agnes of Poitou and of the powerful Duke Godfrey of Lorraine , against Benedict X, the nominee of the Roman nobles, and was crowned at Rome, after the expulsion of Benedict, on January 24 1059; His pontificate was signalized by the continuance of the policy of ecclesiastical reform associated with the name of Hildebrand (afterwards Gregory VII).

To secure his position he at once entered into relation with the Normans, now firmly established in southern ItalyThe Italian Republic or Italy ( Italian: Italia is a country in the south of Europe, consisting mainly of a boot-shaped peninsula together with two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea: Sicily and Sardinia. To the north, where it borders France, Switzer, and later in the year the new alliance was cemented at Melfi , where Nicholas II, accompanied by Hildebrand, Cardinal Humbert and the abbot DesideriusDesiderius the last king of the Lombards, is chiefly known through his connection with Charlemagne. He was duke of Tuscany and became king of the Lombards after the death of Aistulf in 756. Seeking, like his predecessors, to extend the Lombard power in It of Monte CassinoMonte Cassino is a rocky hill about eighty miles south of Rome, Italy, a mile to the west of the town of Cassino (the Roman Cassinum having been on the hill) and about 1700 ft altitude. It is noted as the site where St. Benedict of Norcia established his, solemnly invested Robert GuiscardRobert Guiscard (i. the resourceful") (c. 1015- 1085) was the most remarkable of the Norman adventurers who conquered southern Italy. From 1016 to 1030 the Normans were pure mercenaries, serving either Greeks or Lombards, and then Sergius of Naples, by in with the duchies of ApuliaApulia is a region of Italy (called Puglia in Italian), bordering on Molise to the north-west, Campania to the south-west, Basilicata to the south, the Adriatic Sea to the east and the Ionian Sea to the south-east. It is close to Albania, which is 80 km a, CalabriaA region in southern Italy, Calabria occupies the "toe" of the Italian peninsula south of Naples. It is bounded in the north by the region of Basilicata, to the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea, and to the east by the Ionian Sea. Calabria faces the island of Si and SicilySicily Sicilia in Italian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 sq. 1 million inhabitants. Towns and Cities Sicily's principal cities include the regional capital Palermo, together with t, and Richard of Aversa with the principality of CapuaCapua (modern Santa Maria di Capua Vetere was the chief ancient city of Campania, and one of the most important towns of ancient Italy, situated 25 km (16 mi) north of Neapolis, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain. History Capua's site, in a p, in return for oaths of fealty and the promise of assistance in guarding the rights of the Church.

The first fruits of this arrangement, which was based on no firmer foundation than the forged " Donation of Constantine", but destined to give to the papacy a position of independence towards both the Eastern and Western Empires, was the reduction in the autumn, with Norman aid, of Galera , where the antipope had taken refuge, and the end of the subordination of the papacy to the Roman nobles.

Meanwhile, Peter Damian and Bishop Anselm of Lucca had been sent by Pope Nicholas to Milan to adjust the difference between the Patarenes and the archbishop and clergy. The result was a fresh triumph for the papacy, Archbishop Wido, in face of the ruinous conflict in the Church of Milan, being forced to submit to the terms proposed by the legates, which involved the principle of the subordination of Milan to Rome; the new relation was advertised by the unwilling attendance of Wido and the other Milanese bishops at the council summoned to the Lateran palace in April 1059. This council not only continued the Hildebrandine reforms by sharpening the discipline of the clergy, but marks an epoch in the history of the papacy by its famous regulation of future elections to the Holy See.

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 Britannica

Politics	Business	Finance

Topics: Pope Nicholas II Papacy July Milan Hildebrand Subordination...

---

PopeThis article is about the Catholic pope. See Pope (disambiguation) for other meanings of the word pope. The Pope is the Catholic bishop and patriarch of Rome, and ex officio supreme spiritual leader of what might be called the Catholic Communion (that is, Popeyecartoon shorts, with his characteristic corncob pipe and single good eye. Popeye the sailor man is a cartoon figure and comic strip character created by Elzie Crisler Segar in 1929 and syndicated by the Hearst newspaper's King Features Syndicate. He is a Pope LinusRoman Catholicism identifies Saint Linus as the second Pope, immediately following the apostle Saint Peter. Tertullian names Saint Clement to have been the first successor to Saint Peter, but all other accounts unanimously have Linus as the first pope fol Pope Alexander IVAlexander IV ne Rinaldo Conti ca. 1199 May 25, 1261), pope from 1254, was, like Innocent III and Gregory IX, a member of the family of the counts of Segni. His uncle Gregory IX made him cardinal deacon in 1227 and cardinal bishop of Ostia in 1231. On the Pope Alexander VAlexander V Peter Philarges c. 1339 May 3, 1410), pope from June 26, 1409 until his death. He was born in Crete of unknown parents and entered the Franciscan order. His abilities were such that he was sent to study at the universities of Oxford and Paris Pope Alexander VIIAlexander VII ne Fabio Chigi ( February 13, 1599 May 22, 1667) was pope from April 7, 1655 until his death in 1667. Born Fabio Chigi in Siena, a member of the illustrious banking family and a great-nephew of Pope Paul V, he was privately tutored and event Pope Alexander VIII Pope Alexander VI Pope Alexander II Pope Alexander III Pope Alexander I Pope Leo III Pope Adrian I Pope John Paul II Pope John XXIII