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Pacelli, who was of noble birth, was a grandson of Marcantonio Pacelli, founder of the Vatican's newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, a nephew of Ernesto Pacelli, a key financial advisor to Pope Leo XII, and a son of Filippo Pacelli, dean of the Vatican lawyers. His brother, Francesco Pacelli, became a highly regarded attorney, and was created a marchese by Pius XII.
Pacelli became a Roman Catholic priest in AprilApril is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 30 days. Derived from the Latin aprilis either from the Latin word aperire which means "to open", probably referring to growing plants in spring, or from the Etruscan name Apru for Aphr, 1899Events January events January 1 End of Spanish rule in Cuba. January 1 Queens and Staten Island merge with New York City. January 3 The first known use of the word " automobile", in an editorial in the New York Times''. January 6 Lord Curzon becomes a vic. From 1904 until 1916 Fr. Pacelli assisted Cardinal Gasparri in his codification of canon lawIn Western culture, canon law is the law of the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. The Eastern Orthodox concept of canon law is similar to but not identical to the more legislative and juridical model of the West. In both traditions, a canon is a rule. Fr. Pacelli was appointed Apostolic Nuncio in BavariaWith an area of 70,553 kmē and 11. 6 million inhabitants, the Free State of Bavaria ( German Bayern or Freistaat Bayern forms the southernmost of the 16 Bundeslander of Germany. Its capital is Munich. Geography Bavaria shares international borders with Au by Pope Benedict XVBenedict XV ne Giacomo della Chiesa ( November 21, 1854- January 22, 1922), was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1914 to 1922; he succeeded Pope Saint Pius X. He was born in Genoa, Italy, of a noble family. He acquired a doctorate of law in 1875, af in 1917Events January 2 The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank. January 22 World War I: President Woodrow Wilson calls for "peace without victory" in Europe. January 25 The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million January 25 Anti-, and Apostolic Nuncio to the German Weimar Republic in June, 1920. Pacelli was created a cardinal on 16 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI. Within a few months, on 7 February 1930 Pope Pius appointed papal Secretary of State. During the 1930s Cardinal Pacelli arranged concordats with Bavaria, Prussia, Austria and Germany. He also made many diplomatic visits throughout Europe and the Americas, including an extensive visit to the United States in 1936.
As Papal Secretary of State, Pacelli signed a concordat with the German government (see image). The signing of the concordat proved controversial in hindsight, being described by some historians and by critics of the Roman Catholic Church as giving Hitler's regime international acceptance, given that at the time it was signed, the Enabling Act of March 23 had already granted Hitler dictatorial powers; mass arrests and book burnings had taken place, and the first official concentration camp, Dachau, had been created (though the concentration camps and their usage did not become widely known until some years later). All political parties except for the NSDAP had effectively been dissolved by July 14.
Cardinal Pacelli played a large part in the internal affairs of Germany all his life . He was Nuncio from 1917 before becoming Secretary of State . The remaining dispute should not rest on his anti-semitism during his Papacy but more rightly on his initial involvement with the Nazi Party . Papen had ben a leader of the Catholic Zentrum Party and the allegations centre on Pacelli's persuasion of the Zentrum Party leadership in 1932 . According to the most noteable Journalist present in Berlin and who was effectively expelled by Hitler as a first act of his subsequent Chancellorship , Pacelli wrote a letter to the Zentrum , which was read out by the Party leader( Monsignor Ludwig Kaas ) at a central meeting in May ,1932 . This stated that the Pope was worried by the rise of Communism in Germany and that he therefore advised that they support Hitler's Chancellorship . Previously on March 28 the Fulda Bishop's Conference had backed the Nazi's and in April Rome had refused to issue a condemnation of anti-semitism . A further time-line of visits and co-operation between Hitler and Rome indeed suggests complete co-ordination in a complex series of manoeuvres that lead up to the final Concordat.As far as the Zentrum Party is concerned this ended with its' voluntary dissolution on July 5 1933. Kaas rose shortly thereafter to hold the Care of St. Peter's Cathedral. Kaas was the negotiator directly between Rome and Adolf Hitler concerning the internal parliamentary Enabling Act negotiations during March 20-23 ,returning from his subsequent visit to Rome on 31 March ,three days after the Fulda decision .Kaas had a Prvate meeting with Hitler on April 2nd and Rome that month issued an Encyclical which not only did not condemn anti-semitism but which stated that the Holy See saw no difficulty in relationship to a "Christian Dictatorship ".. Kaas relinquished the Zentrum leadership on April 6 , presumably in an intelligent move to deflect suspicion over the the connections made in the quid pro quo of the Enabling Act and the coming Concordat. The Concordat itself was agreed at a Nazi Party meeting on July 14 and contained a Secret Annexe which would only come into effect upon a future Mobilisation ( it dealt with induction of Padres into this mobilisation and came into effect in 1939). On July 5 the respected Cardinal (von) Faulhauber complains of the situation but on July 20 the Concordat is signed . In September Cardinal Pacelli addressed the German people but said very little of relevance to any doubts about this new relationship of Appeasement, despite Faulhauber and the numerous and internationally shocking instances of anti-semitic and even Priest brutalisation . The darkest allegation as to a contributory motive for this Church blind-ness in accepting the Concordat and for their Zentrun instruction to support Hitler concerns the substantial Church investment ,in German heavy industry, of funds accruing from the final Vatican settlement of lands with the Italian state.
Some critics regard the Church relationship towards the Nazi regime as not substantially different to that it established with other non-Communist states, regimes and governments. Historian on the papacy Dr. Eamon Duffy observed that the Church under Pope Pius XI followed a policy of establishing concordats with individual states during the 1920s and 1930s. This included concordats with Latvia (1922), Bavaria (1924), Poland (1925), Romania (1927), Lithuania (1927), Italy (1929), Prussia (1929), Baden (1932), Austria (1933), Germany (1933), Yugoslavia (1935) and Portugal (1940). These concordats were aimed at regularising relationships between the Holy See and the states, and at protecting Roman Catholic-run schools, hospitals, charities and third level institutions (all often run with public funds, including in Germany) from state seizure.
In particular they were aimed at ensuring the Church's canon law had some status and recognition in its own spheres of concern (e.g., church decrees of nullity in the area of marriage) among new or emerging states with new legal systems. Duffy suggests that the concordats provided technical procedures through which formal complaints to the states could be made by the Holy See.
Between the German Concordat's signing in 1933 and 1939, Pope Pius XI made three dozen formal complaints to the Nazi government, all of which were in reality drafted by Pacelli but which show only a gradual realisation of the gravity of the Nazi situation and mis-use of the Concordat . The strongest condemnation of Hitler's ideology and ecclesiastical policy was the Encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge, issued in 1937. Both Hitler and Pacelli saw the Reichskonkordat as a victory for their side. Hitler told his cabinet on 14 July "An opportunity has been given to Germany in the Reichskonkordat and a sphere of influence has been created that will be especially significant in the urgent struggle against international Jewry." Pacelli in a two page article in L'Osservatore Romano on 26 July and 27 July dismissed Hitler's assertion that the concordat in any way represented or implied approval for national socialism, much less moral approval of it. He argued that its true purpose had been "not only the official recognition (by the Reich) of the legislation of the Church (its Code of Canon Law), but the adoption of many provisions of this legislation and the protection of all Church legislation."2 On the other hand, the Concordat prohibited clerics from engaging in any political activity whatsoever, a standard prohibition in a period where church leaders had their attitudes on democratic participation influenced by attudes of Pope Pius IX in the Syllabus of Errors and Pope Pius X's hostility to Catholic democrat participation, but which complicated Catholic resistance to the Nazi regime, as it has in the past Catholic participation in the French Third Republic, Italian democracy and later Catholic resistance from the 1920s to the Mussolini regime.
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