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In genetics, a promoter is a DNA sequence that enables a gene to be transcribed. The promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase, which then initiates transcription.

The perfect promoter is called a canonical sequence.

1 Promoter elements

2 Promoter sequences

2.1 Prokaryotic promoters

In prokaryotes, the promoter consists of two short sequences at -10 and -35 position upstream of the gene, that is, prior to the gene in the direction of transcription. The sequence at -10 is called the Pribnow box and usually consists of the six nucleotides TATAAT. The Pribnow box is absolutely essential to start transcription in prokaryotes. The other sequence at -35 usually consists of the six nucleotides TTGACA. Its presence allows a very high transcription rate.

<-- upstream downstream --> 5'-XXXXXXXPPPPPXXXXXXPPPPPXXXXGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGXXXX-3' -35 -10 Gene to be transcribed


2.1.1 Probability of occurrence of each nucleotide

T A T A A T 77% 76% 60% 61% 56% 82% T T G A C A 69% 79% 61% 56% 54% 54%

2.2 Eukaryotic promoters

See Michael Levine and Robert Tjian. "Transcription regulation and animal diversity". Nature 424, 147 - 151 (10 July 2003) [1]


3 Binding

The binding of a promoter sequence (P) to a sigma factor- RNAP complex (R) is a two step process:

  1. R+P ↔ RP(closed). K = 10E7
  2. RP(closed) --> RP(open). K = 10E-2
Gene expression

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Promoter Transcription Gene Sequence Binding Genes

Topics: Promoter Transcription Gene Sequence Binding Genes...

PromoterIn genetics, a promoter is a DNA sequence that enables a gene to be transcribed. The promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase, which then initiates transcription. The perfect promoter is called a canonical sequence. Promoter elements Core promoter Transcr  


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