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While protoscience is often speculative, it is to be distinguished from pseudoscience by its adherence to the scientific method and standard practices of good science, most notably a willingness to be disproven by new evidence (if and when it appears), or supplanted by a more-predictive theory.
Fields such as astrology and alchemy prior to the invention of the scientific method can also be regarded as protosciences. With the advent of the scientific method, they rapidly produced the scientific fields of astronomy and chemistry respectively, leaving those who refused to adopt the scientific method to practice pseudoscience. Several sciences started as branches of philosophy: mathematics, natural philosophy, economics, psychology, sociologySociology is the study of social rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, and institutions. A typical textbook definition of sociology calls it the study of the social lives of huma.
Most typically a protoscientific field is one where the hypothesis presented is in accordance with the known evidence at that time, and a body of associated predictions have been made, but the predictions have not yet been tested (or cannot be tested, due to current technological limitations).
Some protosciences go on to become an accepted part of mainstream science. Others fail to become established, or become pseudoscientific, as their followers persist in the face of lack of scientific evidence for their views.
Main article: List of protosciencesThis is a list of protosciences . It includes any new area of scientific endeavor in the process of becoming established. It can include speculative sciences. This list includes science fields and science theories presented in accordance with known eviden
The most famous modern example of protosciences might be the theory of continental driftThe concept of continental drift was first proposed by Alfred Wegener. In 1912 he noticed that the shapes of continents on either side of the Atlantic Ocean seem to fit together (for example, Africa and South America). Benjamin Franklin and others had not as originally proposed by Alfred WegenerAlfred Lothar Wegener ( Berlin, November 1, 1880 Greenland, November, 1930) was a German interdisciplinary scientist whose early training had been in astronomy ( PhD, University of Berlin, 1905). He became interested in the new discipline of meteorology a (which eventually became an accepted scientific model when the mechanisms of plate tectonics20th century. Plate tectonics (from the Greek word for "one who constructs", τεκτων tekton ) is a theory of geology developed to explain the phenomenon of continental drift. In the theory of plate tectonics the outermost par became understood). Other examples include:
Such fields as acupuncture and lucid dreaming can also be categorized as protosciences, pending more evidence and theoretical underpinning.
Other fields, like parapsychology are nearer the boundary between protoscience and pseudoscience.
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