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| Chemical Structure of Psilocybin |
Psilocybin is absorbed through the lining of the mouth and stomach. Effects begin 20-45 minutes after ingestion of psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and last from 2-6 hours depending on dose, species, and individual metabolism. If mushrooms are chewed and held in the mouth, or taken as mushroom tea, effects begin slightly sooner and are usually noticeable within 15 minutes.
At low doses, hallucinatory effects occur, including walls that seem to breathe, a vivid enhancement of colors and the animation of organic shapes. At higher doses, experiences tend to be less social and more entheogenic, often catalyzing intense spiritual experiences.
The effects are often pleasant, even ecstatic, including a deep sense of connection to others, and a general feeling of connection to nature and the universe. However, as with all psychedelic chemicals, not all experiences are positive. This is especially true when they are taken with other drugs, in huge doses, during times of mental instability, or by people with psychoemotional problems. In such situations, " bad trips" are much more likely to occur. Anxiety, frightening hallucinations, confronting (symbolically or literally) past or deep-seated internal conflicts, and feelings of permanent disconnection from reality and the Self can be quite intense and cause panic. The possibility of such experiences can be mitigated by being cognizant of one's "set and setting."
A very small number of people are unusually sensitive to psilocybin's effects, where doses as little as 0.25 grams of dried Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms (normally a threshold dose of around 2 mg psilocybin) can result in effects usually associated with medium and high doses. Likewise, there are some people who require relatively high doses of psilocybin to gain low-dose effects. Individual brain chemistry and metabolism plays a large role in determining a person's response to psilocybin.
Psilocybin is probably metabolized mostly in the liverThe liver is an organ in vertebrates including humans. It plays a major role in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body including detoxification, glycogen storage and plasma protein synthesis. It also produces bile which is important for dige, but is also broken down by the enzyme monoamine oxidaseMonoamine oxidases (singular abbreviation MAO are enzymes that oxidize monoamine neurotransmitters and are the target of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Recent PET research has shown that MAO is also heavily depleted by tobacco use. These enzymes occur in n (MAO). MAOIs can roughly double the potency of psilocybin — people who are taking an MAOI for a medical condition (or are seeking to potentiate the mushroom experience) must be careful.
Mental and physical tolerance to psilocybin builds and dissipates quickly. Taking psilocybin more than three or four times in a week (especially two days in a row) can result in diminished effects and a less enjoyable experience. Tolerance dissipates after a few days, so frequent users often keep doses spaced 5-7 days apart to avoid the effect.
Psilocybin is distributed fairly evenly throughout the entire fruiting body, with the exception of the spores which are completely free of psilocybin and psilocin. The total potency can vary greatly between species and even between batches of the same species. There should be no drastic difference in potency between stems and caps from the same batch. Younger, smaller mushrooms are relatively higher in alkaloids and have a milder taste than larger, mature mushrooms. Mature mycelium contains some psilocybin, though one generally does not eat or otherwise process it. Young mycelium (recently germinated from spores) does not contain appreciable amounts of psilocybin.
Psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, acts by interaction with neurotransmitterA neurotransmitter is a type of molecule that carries signals between neurons (nerve cells) at synapses in the nervous system. Neurotransmitters may be either excitatory ( EPSPs) or inhibitory ( IPSPs). That is, they may foster the initiation of a nerve i receptorIn biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm that binds to a specific factor (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. As all receptorss on nerve cells in the brain where it mimicks the action of serotoninSerotonin Chemical name5-Hydroxy-tryptamine or3-(2-aminoethyl)-1''H indol-5-ol Chemical formulaCHNO Molecular mass176. 22 g/mol CAS number50-67-9 SMILESNCCC1 CNC2 C1C C(O)C C2 Serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesis (5-HT). Specifically, psilocin is a post- synapticnerve cells to communicate with one another through axons and dendrites, converting electrical signals into chemical ones. For the technology festival, see Synapse Festival. Synapses are specialized junctions through which cells of the nervous system sign 5-HT2A receptor agonist. This is the same mechanism of action as for the other hallucinogens like LSD, mescaline, or 2C-B. LSD and psilocybin show cross-tolerance — after taking one of these substances, the brain quickly develops a tolerance to it, and taking another dose of either soon afterward will require more than usual to achieve the desired effects.
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