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The PSTN is largely governed by technical standards created by the ITU-T, and uses E.163/ E.164 addresses (known more commonly as telephone numbers) for addressing.
The PSTN was the earliest example of traffic engineering to deliver Quality of Service guarantees. A.K. Erlang has documented the history of this.
In the 1970s the telecommunications industry conceived that digital services would follow much the same pattern as voice services, and conceived a vision of end-to-end circuit switched services, known as the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN). The B-ISDN vision has been overtaken by the disruptive technologyThe definition The term disruptive technology was coined by Clayton M. Christensen to describe a new, lower performance, but less expensive product. The disruptive technology starts by gaining a foothold in the low-end (and less demanding part) of the mar of the Internet.
Only the very oldest and most backward parts of the telephone network still use analog technology for anything other than the last mileThe last mile is the final leg of delivering communications connectivity to a resident or customer. Usually referred to by the telecommunications and cable industries, it is typically seen as an expensive challenge because "fanning out" wires and cables i loop to the end user, and in recent years digital services have been increasing rolled out to end users using services such as DSLDSL is a TLA that can stand for # Digital Subscriber Line # Damn Small Linux TLAs. and ISDN.
Many observers believe that the long term future of the PSTN is to be just one application of the Internet - however, the Internet has some way to go before this transition can be made. The Quality of Service guarantee is one aspect that needs to be improved on in the Voice over IPIP Telephony also called Internet telephony is the technology that makes it possible to have a telephone conversation over the Internet or a dedicated Internet Protocol (IP) network instead of dedicated voice transmission lines. This allows the eliminatio technology.
There are a number of large private telephone networks which are not linked to the PSTN, usually for military purposes. There are also private networks run by large companies which are linked to the PSTN only through limited gateways, like a large PABX system.
The basic digital circuit in the PSTN is a 64-kilobit-per-second channel, originally designed by Bell LabsBell Telephone Laboratories or Bell Labs was originally the research and development arm of the United States Bell System, and was the premier corporate facility of its type, developing a range of revolutionary technologies from telephone switches to spec, called a " DS0" or Digital Signal 0. To carry a typical phone call from a calling party to a called party, the audio sound is digitized at an 8 kHz sample rate using 8-bit pulse code modulation. The call is then transmited from the one end to the other through the use of a routing strategy.
The DS0's are the basic granularity at which switching takes place in a telephone exchange. DS0's are also known as timeslots because they are multiplexed together in a time-division fashion. Multiple DS0's are multiplexed together on higher capacity circuits, such that 24 DS0's make a DS1 signal, which when carried on copper is the well-known, T-carrier system, T1 (the European equivalent is an E1, containing 32 64 kbit/s channels). In modern networks, this multiplexing is moved as close to the end user as possible, usually into cabinets at the roadside in residential areas, or into large business premises.
The timeslots are conveyed from the initial multiplexer to the exchange over a set of equipment collectively known as the access network. The access network and inter-exchange transport of the PSTN use synchronous optical transmission ( SONET and SDH) technology, although some parts still use the older PDH technology.
Within the access network, there are a number of reference point s defined. Most of these are of interest mainly to ISDN but one - the V reference point - is of more general interest. This is the reference point between a primary multiplexer and an exchange. The protocols at this reference point were standardised in ETSI areas as the V5 interface.
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