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In the visual arts and literature, realism is a mid- 19th century movement, which started in France. The realists sought to render everyday characters, situations, dilemmas, and events; all in an " accurate" (or realistic) manner. Realism began as a reaction to romanticism, in which subjects were treated idealistically. Realists tended to discard theatrical drama and classical forms of art to depict commonplace or 'realistic' themes.
Realism is associated with a rejection of fantasy, mythology, and highly complex (and, therefore, implausible) plots. Instead, a realist novel will tend to concentrate on 'ordinary people', and feature stories either based on, or similar to, real events. Realists also tend to avoid the linguistic experimentalism of, say, a James Joyce, in favour of prose that doesn't draw attention to itself, and presents the story as clearly as possible.
The movement is anticipated by the work of the French author Stendhal, but the "father" of realism is generally thought to be Honoré de BalzacHonore de Balzac ( May 20, 1799 August 18, 1850), was a French novelist. He was born in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France in the rue de l'Armee Italienne. In 1849, when his health had broken down, he travelled to Poland to visit Eveline Hanska, a rich Polish. His Comédie Humaine is a panoramic view of 19th-century France in over 70 novels. Gustave FlaubertGustave Flaubert ( December 12, 1821 Croisset, May 8, 1880) is counted among the greatest Western novelists. He was born in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, in the Haute-Normandie Region of France. Note: the French pronunciation of his name is roughly goo-STAHVE fl clearly defined the movement with his brilliant novel of the bourgeois Madame BovaryMadame Bovary is a novel by Gustave Flaubert that raised a scandal when it was published in 1857 and is now seen to stand at the beginning of the modern novel. After publishing a few controversial excerpts in a periodical, he first had to win a trial in o: this is in some ways the paradigmatic realist novel. Balzac and especially Flaubert influenced to a high degree the later realists and naturalistThe term naturalist is used to refer to someone with an interest or talent in natural history (also known as naturalism . Naturalist' also refers to a theatre practitioner influenced by the theatrical movement of naturalism. Naturalist should not be confus. It should be noted that Realism was an international affair: so in France there was Guy de MaupassantHenri-Rene-Albert-Guy de Maupassant (GEE duh moh-pah-SAHN) ( August 5, 1850 July 6, 1893) was a French writer. Maupassant was born at the Chateau de Miromesnil, near Dieppe, France. He became a writer of short stories and novels. His short stories are cha, but we should not forget the Irishman George MooreThere are several notable people named "George Moore": G. Moore (George Edward Moore), (1873-1958), British Philosopher and early colleague of Bertrand Russell George A. Moore, (George Augustus Moore) (1852-1933), Irish novelist George F. Moore, American, in England George EliotMary Ann Evans known by the pen name George Eliot ( 22 November 1819 22 December 1880), was an English novelist. Born on a farm near Nuneaton in Warwickshire, she wrote about life in country towns in many of her novels. She used a male pen name, she said,, the great Portugese novelist Eça de QueirósEca de Queiros is a Portuguese novelist, born November 25, 1845, in Povoa de Varzim. He is generally considered to be the greatest Portugese writer in the realist style. At age 16 he went to Coimbra to study law. His first works, published as a serial in, the Spaniard Benito Pérez Galdós, the Italian Alessandro Manzoni and others. However some believe the Russian Leo Tolstoy was the greatest of all the Realists. There was also a similar movement in drama, associated with Ibsen and the early work of George Bernard Shaw.
Realism was followed, in France, by the Naturalism (literature) associated with Emile Zola. Naturalism was a much more programmatic and theory led movement, which argued that literature should model itself as much as possible on the natural sciences. The novel was to become a sort of fictional case study, similar to (non-fictional) case studies in sociology. However it should be noted that there is much overlap between the two movements, with some writers being termed naturalists and/or realists by different critics.
By 1890, many began to reject realism and naturalism, thinking them too external and superficial. Modified versions, however, were employed by such authors as Thomas Hardy, who realistically presented extreme pessimism, and Henry James, who sought to understand his characters psychologically.
At the turn of the 20th century, realism as a dominant movement in France gave way to symbolism and neo-romanticism. However, the Realist tradition carried on much longer in The United States. John Steinbeck and Theodore Dreiser were classic 20th century American Realists.
See also: magical realism, hysterical realism, surrealism
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