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In semantics, reference is the relation between nouns or pronouns and objects, or between speakers and objects. Hence the word "John" refers to John; the word "it" refers to some previously specified object. Alternatively when I say "John" I refer to John. Sometimes the former, word-object relation is called " denotation" for clarity; still, speakers only refer by using words that denote. The objects referred to are called the "referents" of the word.

Reference is not in general the same as meaning, since many words, including verbs and adjectives, do not refer at all but are perfectly meaningful. Furthermore, as Frege discovered, reference cannot be treated as identical with meaning even for nouns: "The morning star" and "the evening star" both refer to Venus, but it does not seem to be the case that if I do not know this I must not know what my words mean. (This led Frege to distinguish between the sense of a word and its reference).

In computer science, references are datatypes which refer to an object elsewhere in memory, and are used to construct a wide variety of data structures such as linked lists. Most programming languages support some form of reference. See reference (computer science).

The C++ programming languageC+ (pronounced "sea plus plus") is a general-purpose computer programming language. It is a statically typed free-form multi-paradigm language supporting procedural programming, data abstraction, object-oriented programming, and generic programming. Durin has a specific type of reference also referred to as a reference; see reference (C Plus Plus)In C++ programming language, a reference is a simple reference datatype that is less powerful but safer than the pointer type inherited from C, which is a reference in the general sense but not in the sense used by C++. Syntax and Terminology The declarat.

A reference point is a location used to describe another one, by giving the relative position. Similarly we have the concept of frame of referenceA frame of reference is a collection of conditions, axes, or assumptions which establish how something will be approached or understood. This article deals primarily with the general procedure for constructing a frame of reference within the science of ph (both in physics and figuratively), etc.

In a libraryAlternative meanings: Library (computer science), Library (biology In its traditional sense, a library is a collection of books. It can refer to an individual's private collection, but more often, it is a large collection that is funded and maintained by, the word reference may refer to a dictionaryFor other uses of "dictionary", see dictionary (disambiguation). A dictionary is a list of words with their definitions, a list of characters with their glyphs, or a list of words with corresponding words in other languages. Many dictionaries also provide, encyclopediaEncyclopaedia Britannica An encyclopedia (alternatively encyclopaedia is a written compendium of human knowledge. The term comes from the Greek words , enkyklios paideia ("in a circle of instruction"). From , circuit shaped from circuit and , meaning inst, or other reference workA reference work is a compendium of information, usually of a specific type, compiled for ease of reference. That is, the information is intended to be quickly found when needed. The writing style used in these works is informative; the authors avoid use that contains many brief articles that cover a broad scope of knowledge in one book, or a set of books. However, the word reference is also used to mean a book that cannot be taken from the room, or from the building. Many of the books in the reference department of a library are reference works, but some are books that are simply too large or valuable to loan out. Conversely, selected reference works may be shelved with other circulating books, and may be loaned out.

A reference may also be a textIn language, text is something that contains words to express something. The term usually has broader meaning. In linguistics text enters at least two types of contrasts. One is that between system and text, system being understood as the ability of the s (not necessarily a reference text) that has been used in the creation of a piece of work such as an essay, report, or oration. Its primary purpose is to allow people who receive such work to examine the author's sources, either for validity, or simply to learn more about the subject. Such items are often listed at the end of an article or book in a Reference list

A reference can also be a person whose name is submitted by somebody seeking employment. Usually, the reference is a previous superior or has some distinguishable profession in government, clergy, or education that can professionally vouch for the submitting person's employability.

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Reference workA reference work is a compendium of information, usually of a specific type, compiled for ease of reference. That is, the information is intended to be quickly found when needed. The writing style used in these works is informative; the authors avoid use Reference countingIn computer science, reference counting is a technique of storing the number of references, pointers or handles to a resource such as an object or block of memory. Use in garbage collection Reference counting is often known as a garbage collection algorit Reference circuitIn telecommunication, a reference circuit is a hypothetical circuit of specified equivalent length and configuration, and having a defined transmission characteristic or characteristics, used primarily as a reference for measuring the performance of other Reference clockIn telecommunication, the term reference clock has the following meanings: 1. A clock with which another clock is compared. A clock, usually of high stability and accuracy, used to govern a network of mutually synchronized clocks of lower stability. Note: Reference noiseIn telecommunication, reference noise is the magnitude of circuit noise chosen as a reference for measurement. Note: Many different levels with a number of different weightings are in current use, and care must be taken to ensure that the proper parameter Reference surfaceReference surface In optical-fiber technology, that surface of an optical fiber that is used to contact the transverse-alignment elements of a component such as a connector or mechanical splice. Note: For telecommunications-grade fibers, the reference sur Reference Reference ranges for common blood tests Reference (computer science) Reference range Reference rate Reference management software Reference desk Reference beam Reference re Secession of Quebec