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Rosa Luxemburg ( March 5, 1870 or 1871 - January 15, 1919) was a Polish and German Jewish Marxist politician, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. She was a social democratic theorist of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, and later the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. She started the newspaper The Red Flag, and cofounded the Spartacist League, a Marxist revolutionary group that became the Communist Party of Germany and took part in an unsuccessful revolutionThis article is about revolution in the sense of a drastic change. For other meanings of the word, see revolution (disambiguation). A revolution is a relatively sudden and absolutely drastic change. This may be a change in the social or political institut in Berlin in January, 1919. The uprising was carried out against Rosa´s orders, and crushed by the remnants of the monarchist army and freelance right-wing militiaPolitical movements A militia is a group of citizens organized to provide paramilitary service. The word can have four slightly different meanings: an official reserve army composed of non-professional soldiers; the police in Russia or East European counts collectively called the FreikorpsThe designation of Freikorps ( German for "Free Corps") was originally applied to voluntary armies. The first freikorps were recruited by Frederick II of Prussia during the Seven Year's War. Other known freikorps appeared during the Napoleonic Wars and we, which were sent by the SPD leaders. Luxemburg and hundreds of others were captured, tortured, and killed.1 Life
1.1 Poland
Rosa Luxemburg was born Rosalia Luxemburg on March 5, 1870 or 1871 in ZamoscZamosc is a town in southeastern Poland with 66,633 inhabitants ( 2004), situated in the Lublin Voivodship (since 1999), previously capital of Zamosc Voivodship ( 1975 1998). About 20 kilometres from the town is the Roztocze National Park. The city is loc near Lublin in what is now Poland. Sources differ on the year of her birth - she gave her birth year as 1871 on her CV for Zürich University, but her 1887 Abitur certificate says she was 17, in which case she was born in 1870. She was the fifth child of the Jewish wood trader/timber trader Eliasz Luxemburg and his wife Line (maiden name: Löwenstein). After fleeing to Switzerland from imminent detention in 1889, she attended Zurich University, along with other socialist figures such as Anatoli Lunacharsky and Leo Jogiches .
In 1893, along with Leo Jogiches and Julian Marchlewski (alias Julius Karski), she founded the newspaper Sprawa Robotnicza ("The Workers' Cause"), in opposition to the nationalist policies of the Polish Socialist Party . Luxemburg believed that an independent Poland could only come about through revolutions in Germany, Austria, and Russia. She maintained that the struggle should be against capitalism itself, and not for an independent Poland. Luxemburg denied the right of self-determination for nations under socialism, which later caused tensions with Vladimir Lenin.
With Leo Jogiches , she co-founded the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland (SDKP), which was later to become the Socialist Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) by merging with Lithuania's social democratic organisation. Despite living in Germany for most of her adult life, Luxemberg was to remain the principle theoretician of the Polish Social Democrats, and led the party in a partnership with Jogiches, its principal organiser.
