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Russkaya Pravda ( Russian Русская Правда) or Ruska Pravda ( Ukrainian Руська Правда) was the legal code of later Kievan Rus and the subsequent East Slavic principalities during the times of feudal division. Three recensions of "RP" are known, with extant copies dating from the thirteenth to the eighteenth centuries: Kratkaya (The Short Edition), Prostrannaya (The Vast Edition), and Sokraschennaya (The Abridged Edition).
The term is often translated as "Russian truth", using the modern meaning of the word "правда", but a more precise etymological translation would be "The law of Rus'" with law = righteousness, natural law, as in the Latin "ius russicum".
Common law, Knyaz legislation, and legal proceedings represented the basis of “RP”. The Short Edition of “RP” contained “Pravda Yaroslava” (Yaroslav’s Truth), i.e. “Drevneyshaya Pravda” (The Oldest Truth) of Yaroslav the Wise, “Pravda Yaroslavichey” (Truth by Yaroslav’s sons) and others. “RP”s legal regulations reflected the evolution of the social relations in the Rus' of the 11-13 centuries.
“Pravda Yaroslava” comprised legal regulations of feudal law along with the archaic regulations that could be traced back to the primitive communal system . Subsequent development and improvement of “RP” took place in times of Iaroslav’s sons and his grandson Vladimir Monomakh. The most important legal regulations were added to “RP” after the revolts in Kiev, Novgorod, and RostovRostov ( Russian: Росто́в), also called Rostov Veliky and Rostov Yaroslavsky is one of the oldest towns in Russia and an important tourist centre of the so called Golden ring. It is located on the shores of Lake N- SuzdalSuzdal is a town in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, is 26 km from the city of Vladimir, on the river Kamenka. The town has been known since the year 1024. For centuries it was the capital of several Russian principalities. It is part of The Golden Ring. The town province in 1068-1071. “Pravda Yaroslavichey” increased responsibility of a given community for killing knyaz’es soldiers, tiuns (“tiun”, a privileged servant of knyazs or boyars), starostas (“starosta”, a representative from the low-ranking administration of a knyaz), otroks (“otrok”, a low-ranking soldier in the army of a knyaz) and other servants on their own territory. “Pravda Yaroslavichey” provided severe punishment for arsonArson is the crime of setting a fire with intent to cause damage. The definition of arson was originally limited to setting fire to buildings, but was later expanded to include other objects, such as bridges vehicles, and private property. Very often one, deliberate cattle mutilationFor mutilation of documents, works of art or monuments, see Vandalism : For mutilation of human genitalia, see Genital modification and mutilation Mutilation is an act or injury that changes the appearance of the (human) body, without causing death. The t, and collective encroachment on rich people’s propertyThis page deals with property as ownership rights. For information about property in the performing arts, see prop. For information about properties in philosophy, see property (philosophy Within the law, property is a general legal category for rights of. After the 1113 Riot in Kiev, an exorbitant interestIn finance, interest has three general definitions. Interest is a surcharge on the repayment of debt (borrowed money). Interest is the return derived from an investment. Interest is the right to claim in a corporation such as that of an owner or creditor. law was introduced that limited financial operations of moneylenders.
“RP” stabilized the system of feudal relations and social inequality. During 11-13 centuries “RP” served the strengthening of feudal dependency of smerds (“smerd” – a feudal-dependant peasant), zakups (“zakup” - a feudal-dependant peasant, who could become free after paying off his “zakup”, a feudal loan), kholops (“kholop” – a feudal-dependant peasant, who could be killed or sold like a slave) etc. The Vast Edition of “RP” contains special regulations with regards to the status of zakups and kholops. “RP” also reflects the role of the court of knyaz’, a trend towards increasing differentiation of punishments and penalties, bigger fines for the benefit of knyaz’ or his administration with correspondingly decreasing compensation to the victims.
Trying to abolish blood feud (that was quite common at that time), “RP” narrowed its “usage” and limited the number of avenger s to the closest relatives of the dead. If there were no avengers on the victim’s side, the killer had to pay a fine (called “vira”) in favor of the knyaz’ and partial compensation to the relatives of the victim (the killer’s community had to help him pay his fine). If a woman were killed, one would have to pay half of the regular fine (called “poluvir’ye”, half of “vira”).
“RP” also defended health and honor of the free members of the feudal society and had provisions about financial compensations for mutilation or an insult by word or deed. “RP” had a detailed system of punishments and penalties for larceny in a city or countryside, deliberate damage to forests, hunting grounds or lands, trespassing etc. It also regulated debt relations between individuals and contained articles of liability and hereditary law. Under “RP”, legal proceedings included witnesses, use of oaths or “ordaliy” (lat. ordalium, or “ordeal” in English, a kind of a last-resort test used to prove defendant’s innocence or guilt). The search for culprit s included listening to witnesses, collecting evidence, or hot pursuit . Investigators had to check for false accusation s (“poklyop”), as well. These were the first steps towards forensic science.
The "RP" was replaced in 1497 by the “ Sudebnik”, the Code of Law . Nonetheless, “RP” laid foundations for legal codes of Pskov and Novgorod regions and Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Lithuanian Law.
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