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A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. The word senate is derived from the Latin word senex (old man), via the Latin word senatus (senate). The Latin word senator has been adopted by English with no change in spelling. Its meaning comes from a very ancient form of even simple social organisation in which the decisional power is reserved to the eldest men. For the same reason, the word senate is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. The original senate was the Roman Senate.

Modern democratic states with bicameral parliamentary systems are sometimes organised with a senate, often distinguished by an ordinary parallel lower house (usually called the 'House of Representatives', 'Chamber of Deputies' or 'National Assembly'), by electoral rules (minimum age required for voters and candidates, proportional or majoritarian/plurality system, electoral basis = collegium). Typically, the senate is referred to as the upper house and has a smaller membership than the lower house.

An example of this is the United States Senate where the number of seats is fixed at two per state, regardless of size.

In a federal system, the senate often serves a balancing effect by giving a larger share of power to regions and groups which would otherwise be overwhelmed in a purely representative system. In the legislatures of U.S. states, Senates were also used for this purpose until the 1963 case of Baker v. Carr, in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that state legislatures must apportion seats in both houses according to population. However, there are still typically fewer members of a state Senate than there are members of the lower house.

In the United States, each of its member states has a Senate and a lower chamber, known variously as the House of Representatives, House of Delegates, General Assembly or Assembly, except for the state of Nebraska, where the Senate is the only body of a unicameral legislature.

Examples of senates in other states include the Australian Senate, the Canadian SenateThe Senate of Canada is the upper house of the Parliament of Canada. The senate has 105 members who are appointed by the Governor General on advice from the Prime Minister and serve until the age of 75. 24 from Ontario; 24 from Quebec; 24 are from the Mar, the French SenateThe current French Senate (in French : Senat is the upper house of the Parliament of France. A Senat was also the upper house during the French Consulate of 1799- 1804. Composition and election The French Senate presently has 321 senators who are elected, the Irish SenateSeanad Eireann (English: Senate of Ireland , the Irish Senate is the upper house of the Oireachtas: the parliament of the Republic of Ireland. The Senate is currently located in Leinster House. Composition Seanad Eireann has sixty members: Eleven appointe (Seanad Éireann), the Italian SenateThe Italian Senate is one of the two houses of the Italian parliament. The Senate includes 315 elected members (elected for a maximum of 5 years), of whom six represent Italians residing overseas. According to special constitutional provisions, former pre, the Philippine SenateThe Senate of the Philippines is the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress of the Philippines. Unlike the U. Senate, the Philippine Senate is composed of 24 senators who don't represent any particular geographical dis, and the Senate of PolandThe Senate Senat is the upper house of the Polish parliament. It consists of 100 senators elected in universal ballot. It is headed by the Marshal of Senate Marszalek Senatu . The Senate can be traced back to a council of royal advisors. In the Nobles' De.

A senate can also be the name of an executive branch of government. Until 1919, the Senate of FinlandThe Senate of Finland combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland between 1816 to 1917. The Senate was headed by the Governor-General of Finland. The Senate was divided into the economic division and the judicial divi was the executive branch and supreme court. In the German city LänderGermany is a federation of 16 provinces (or states) called Lander (singular Land or officially Bundeslander (singular Bundesland German federal state . Each Land is represented at the federal level in the Bundesrat. The 16 Lander are: # Baden-Wurttemberg or states, of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg, the executive branch of government is called the Senate, with Senators holding ministerial portfolios.

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