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Separatist movements are often strictly political and peaceful. There has been a variable, generally peaceful separatist movement in the province of Quebec, Canada for the last thirty years (with a brief period of violence culminating in the October Crisis), and peaceful movements ending in the break up of Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union.
Separatism is also often a violent response to a past military takeover. Around the world many terrorist groups espouse separatism as the only way to achieve their goal of national liberation. These include the Basque ETA in France and Spain, Sikh separatists in India during the 1980s, the IRA in IrelandThe island of Ireland ire in Irish, Airlann in Ulster Scots) is the third-largest island in Europe. It lies on the west side of the Irish Sea, close to the island of Great Britain. It is composed of the Republic of Ireland in the south and Northern Irelan at the turn of the century and the Front de Libération du Québec, culminating in the October Crisis in the 1960sCenturies: 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Years: 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Events and trends The 1960s was a turbulent decade of change around. These guerrilla campaigns can also lead to full-blown civil wars as has been seen in ChechnyaThe Chechen Republic ( Russian: ; Chechen: /Noxciyn Respublika), also known as Chechnya (Russian: , Chechen: /Noxciyco), Chechnia or Chechenia is a constituent republic of the Russian Federation. Bordering Stavropol Krai to the northwest, the republic of.
Violence is usually reduced when there exist political means that can be used to gain more political and economic autonomy within the current constitutional order. Free elections and referenda often help reduce tensions. Very few countries are willing to acknowledge that they are divisible, however. The wars erupting with the break-up of YugoslaviaThe Yugoslav wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia that went on in the 1990s. They comprised two series of successive wars affecting all of the six former Yugoslav republics. Conflicts in the west Slovenian War are a principal example of that, despite constitutional provisions allowing division and referenda.
Separatist movements are often superficially based upon nationalism or religious fervour. More often than not, however, feelings of inadequate political clout and economics play an important role. Economics can also be seen in the break up of Czechoslovakia; one of the main causes was SlovakiaSlovakia ( Slovak: Slovensko is a landlocked republic in Central Europe. It borders the Czech Republic in the northwest, Poland in the north, Ukraine in the east, Hungary in the south, and Austria in the southwest. Slovenska Republika ( In Detail) Nationa's reluctance to abandon state-run industries, which were the core of its economy. The Czech RepublicThe Czech Republic ( Czech: Ceska republika is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The republic borders Poland to the north, Germany to the northwest and west, Austria to the south, and Slovakia to the east. Historic Prague, a major tourist attraction was far more prepared to embrace the free market, and thus the countries parted.
Quebec is also an example of how political disenfranchisement can lead to separatist ambitions. Throughout the first century of Canadian confederation, Quebec was politically and economically dominated by a small minority of AnglophoneAn anglophone is someone who speaks English natively or by adoption. As an adjective, it means English-speaking, whether referring to individuals, groups or places. In Quebec and Canada, this term is widely used to designate someone whose everyday languag Montrealers. Rejection of this status quo led to the growth of Quebec-first separatist groups in the 1960s and '70s.
Spain's Basque areas, which have not been independent for millennia, developed violent separatist groups in reaction to the violent suppression of Francisco Franco's regime. A similar pattern was followed in Ethiopia where Eritrean rebels were far more angry at despotism and corruption than passionate about the nation of Eritrea which does not have a long or distinctive history.
The northern Italian nations have been independet for centuries (for example Veneto has been independent from X century to XIX century, Liguria has been independent for 7 centuries). The northern Italian separatism is not only economics, but also linguistic (gallo-romance languages group) and cultural.
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